Peliosis of the spleen as an unusual cause of splenic rupture: A case report and a review of literature.

Isolated splenic peliosis is an extremely rare condition characterized by the presence of multiple blood-filled cavities, occasionally resulting in non-traumatic splenic rupture with fatal bleeding. In our case, a 64-year-old man was brought by ambulance due to weakness and abdominal pain without nausea or febrility. On clinical examination, the patient was sensitive to palpation with significant tenderness over the abdomen but no associated features of peritonitis. He collapsed during the imaging examination and became unconscious and asystolic. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was not successful. The patient died approximately within 2 hours of admission to the hospital. Postmortal examination showed 2800 ml of intraperitoneal blood with clots and a laceration of the lower pole of the spleen. Macroscopic examination of the spleen revealed huge nodular splenomegaly, measuring 21 cm x 19 cm x 5 cm, weighing 755 g. On the cut surfaces, multiple randomly distributed blood-filled cavities ranging from 0,5 to 2 cm in diameter were seen. At microscopic examination, the specimens showed multiple irregular haemorrhagic cyst-like lesions that were not lined by any epithelium or sinusoidal endothelium, consistent with the diagnosis of peliosis lienis. Although the condition is often clinically silent, the forensic pathological significance arises from the differential diagnosis of resultant intraperitoneal haemorrhage and sudden death, mimicking a violent death.

Loss of Wharton's jelly and fibrosis in umbilical cord stricture area: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Stricture of the umbilical cord, though a rare condition, is one of the critical events that can be associated with intrauterine fetal death. CASE: A 27-year-old woman, primigravida, presented with USG report of fetus mortus at 37 weeks of gestation. There were no preceding warning signs. Postmortal examination showed Grade II macerated female fetus weighing 2372 g, measuring 49 cm, with haemorrhagic fluid in the brain ventricles. Microscopically, there were signs of amniotic fluid aspiration and autolytic changes. The macroscopic placental examination was normal, while signs of intrauterine asphyxia and intrauterine fetal demise were present histologically. Umbilical cord insertion was eccentric, on the cut three-vessel cord, 49 cm long, 1 cm in diameter. Extremely narrow segment measured 3 mm, approximately 1,5 cm in length, and was located 1 cm from fetal insertion site. In the further course, hypercoiling in 12 cm of the length was present. Examination of umbilical cord in stricture area revealed loss of Wharton's jelly, replacement with extensive fibrosis and capillary vessel formation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The causality between umbilical cord stricture and intrauterine fetal demise has been established. Etiology is still unclear, therefore postmortal examination with umbilical cord evaluation and further research are needed.

Programmed death ligand-1 expression and its association with the degree of differentiation and the presence of necrosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma.

The mechanisms underlying the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are not yet fully clarified. In this study, surgical resections of 730 lung cancer patients with diagnosed NSCLC were analyzed. Results of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (using clone 22C3) were correlated with clinicopathological variables including the degree of tumor differentiation and the presence of confluent areas of coagulative necrosis. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry was analyzed in tumor cells, whereas PD-L1 positivity was defined as membranous staining in ≥ 1 of tumor cells. A significantly higher proportion of PD-L1 positive cases was noted in poorly differentiated (grade 3) adenocarcinomas compared to better differentiated (grade 1 and grade 2) subtypes (63.8 % vs. 28.7 %; p < 0.001). Contrary to this, better differentiated (keratinizing) and less differentiated (non-keratinizing) squamous cell carcinoma subtypes were found to have a similar proportion of PD-L1 positive cases (51.4 % vs. 55.8 %; p = 0.570). High levels of PD-L1 expression significantly correlated with the presence of necrosis in NSCLC: seventy-nine of 109 NSCLC cases with the presence of necrosis were PD-L1 positive compared to 256 out of 621 NSCLC without necrosis (72.5 % vs. 41.2 %; p < 0.001). High PD-L1 expression was not positively correlated with age, gender, and advanced T stage but a significant association between PD-L1 positivity and higher N stage was observed (p < 0.001) in NSCLC patients. In conclusion, the proportion of PD-L1 positive cases is higher only in poorly differentiated NSCLC of the adenocarcinoma type. A significantly higher overall rate of PD-L1 positive cases was noted in NSCLC with the presence of necrosis. Further investigation is suggested to elucidate the intricated interconnections between the plethora of hypoxic biomarkers and immunological factors in different types and subtypes of NSCLC.

Explainable classifier for improving the accountability in decision-making for colorectal cancer diagnosis from histopathological images.

Pathologists are responsible for cancer type diagnoses from histopathological cancer tissues. However, it is known that microscopic examination is tedious and time-consuming. In recent years, a long list of machine learning approaches to image classification and whole-slide segmentation has been developed to support pathologists. Although many showed exceptional performances, the majority of them are not able to rationalize their decisions. In this study, we developed an explainable classifier to support decision making for medical diagnoses. The proposed model does not provide an explanation about the causality between the input and the decisions, but offers a human-friendly explanation about the plausibility of the decision. Cumulative Fuzzy Class Membership Criterion (CFCMC) explains its decisions in three ways: through a semantical explanation about the possibilities of misclassification, showing the training sample responsible for a certain prediction and showing training samples from conflicting classes. In this paper, we explain about the mathematical structure of the classifier, which is not designed to be used as a fully automated diagnosis tool but as a support system for medical experts. We also report on the accuracy of the classifier against real world histopathological data for colorectal cancer. We also tested the acceptability of the system through clinical trials by 14 pathologists. We show that the proposed classifier is comparable to state of the art neural networks in accuracy, but more importantly it is more acceptable to be used by human experts as a diagnosis tool in the medical domain.

Sexual Dimorphism in Energy Metabolism of Wistar Rats Using Data Analysis.

The prevalence of some chronic diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative disorders, differs between sexes. Animal models provide an important tool to adopt potential therapies from preclinical studies to humans. Laboratory rats are the most popular animals in toxicology, neurobehavioral, or cancer research. Our study aimed to reveal the basic differences in blood metabolome (amino acids, biogenic amines, and acylcarnitines) of the adult male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) Wistar rats. Partial least square-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and a variance im portance in projection (VIP) score was used to identify the key sex-specific metabolites. All groups of metabolites, as the main markers of energy metabolism, showed a significant sex-dependent pattern. The most important features calculated in PLS-DA according to VIP score were free carnitine (C0), tyrosine (Tyr), and acylcarnitine C5-OH. While aromatic amino acids, such as Tyr and phenylalanine (Phe), were significantly elevated in the blood plasma of males, tryptophan (Trp) was found in higher levels in the blood plasma of females. Besides, significant sex-related changes in urea cycle were found. Our study provides an important insight into sex-specific differences in energy metabolism in rats and indicates that further studies should consider sex as the main aspect in design and data interpretation.