[Wine and alcohol in apothecaries' shops during the Middle Ages in Southern countries]. / Vin et alcool dans les apothicaireries médiévales des pays du Sud.

Alcohol, wine and their derivatives do not play during the Middle Ages the role they played during Antiquity. The reading of ancient authors by Arab doctors was probably at the origin of this lack of interest for wine. As ordinary wine, medicinal wines were a matter of conviviality more than of therapeutics. Vinegar was more often used, maybe because of its lack of inebriating properties. Alcohol, this mysterious product, was probably more pertinent in the area of alchemy. Doctors and pharmacists of the enlightened age gave it a new importance. The influence of Islam on Middle Age medicine in Christian occident could explain this lack of interest for wine.

[An ambiguous partnership between an apothecary and a physician in the middle of the XV century]. / "Liaison dangereuse" entre un médecin et un apothicaire au milieu du XV Siècle.

The analysis of an accountancy showed an ambiguous partnership between an apothecary and a physician. A quickly reading induce an unfavourable business accomplice opinion. a careful and well timed examination of facts in their economic and social context don't permit a positive charge. All doubts are not removed.

[Apothecaries and pharmacists between mobility and settled way of life]. / Apothicaires et pharmaciens entre mobilite et sedentarite.

From XIIIth to XVIIth centuries, apothecaries were not as sedentary as people think. Apprenticeship and companion's time were travel opportunities. Installation was an other occasion. Violence, war and intolerance were reasons to run away from inhospitable countries. Trade practices explained displacements. Medieval Christian Occident can be considered as a model of tomorrow's Europe.

[Pharmacy and discovery of America]. / Pharmacie et découverte de l'Amérique.

The author transcribes a drugs inventory from a caravelle sailing to the New World, in 1496, during the second Colomb's travel. The number and the nature of the medicines exceed the usual requirements of a board surgeon. More, its composition shows a medical influence. Were these drugs intended for the use of the expedition members and especially for the Viceroy?