[Predictive score of success adapted to our environment to improve results of extracorporeal lithotripsy]. / Sistema predictivo de éxito adaptado a nuestro medio para mejorar los resultados de la Litotricia Extracorpórea.

OBJECTIVE: To present a predictive tool of success of ESWL adapted to our environment. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of patients with renal and upper ureteral stones whom underwent ESWL with DUET MAGNA lithotripter between January 2014 and March 2015. We included 114 patients in whom demographics and CT scan characteristics were studied. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression was performed to establish independent predictors of success in ESWL. A ROC curve was used to determine success cut-off values of ESWL in each significant variable. The score was established based on the numbers of variables under the cut-off value in each patient. In every one of these categories, percentage of stone free was determined. Finally, the area under the curve of our ESWL treatment success score was made. RESULTS: Of 114 patients studied, 58 (51%) were stone free. After multivariate study, independent predictors of success with ESWL were tomographic density of lithiasis (UH), body mass index (BMI) and stone diameter (mm). Ideal cut off points of treatment success in each one of the score parameters were: density of lithiasis 900 UH, BMI 27 and lithiasis diameter 11 mm. Percentage of stone free was 31.8% for score 0, 37.1% for score 1, 57.5% for score 2 and 88.3% for score 3. Area under the curve for the score was 0.723 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This score could represent a predictive tool in our environment to predict ESWL results. Utilization of this score could limit the use of this therapy only to patients with favorable profile (score2-3) improving in this way cost-effectiveness of this procedure.

Anti-polymorphonuclear neutrophil antibodies in patients with leukopenia or neutropenia.

INTRODUCTION: Immune humoral neutropenia (Np) could be the consequence of anti-polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) antibodies, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and/or antibodies against myeloid precursors. Granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) and a leukoagglutination technique (LAGT) assays are recommended for its diagnosis. METHODS: Fifty adult patients with secondary Np were screened for anti-PMN. GIFT by flow cytometry from viable PMN and LAGT were employed. In addition, CIC levels, low expression of CD16(b) (CD16 (b)(low)), PMN phenotype and sera tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Direct IgG-PMN binding (dir-GIFT) was positive in 16% of the patients. Antibodies against autologous PMN were detected in 32% of the samples by indirect (ind)-GIFT and demonstrated in 70% of the sera by both ind-GIFT and/or LAGT. Predominance of human neutrophil alloantigen (HNA)-1b and HNA-2 expression was confirmed. CD16(b)(low) was detected in 16% of the patient's PMN and TNF-alpha in 68% of sera patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that diagnosis of immune Np in the laboratory may be improved by focusing on patient's PMN together with the assessment of cellular markers.

Carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata / Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate

Small cell of undifferenciated tumors are present in almost all organs, and it impose the need of performing a differential diagnosis between undifferenciated tumors with residual differentiation according to the type of organ, and the carcinoma of small cells of neuroendocrine origin. The concept of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in the prostatic adenocarcinoma has reached considerable attention due to its prognostic and therapeutic implies. Here it is presented a new neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma case taking care of its hystopathologic diagnosis and evolution.(AU)

Los tumores indiferenciados de células pequeñas pueden ser encontrados prácticamente en todos los órganos, imponiendo la necesidad de realizar el diagnóstico diferencial entre tumores indiferenciados con diferenciación residual según el tipo de órgano y el carcinoma de células pequeñas de origen neuroendocrino. El concepto de diferenciación neuroendocrina (DNE) en el adenocarcinoma de próstata ha recibido recientemente considerable atención debido a sus implicancias pronosticas y terapéuticas. Se presenta un nuevo caso de carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata con consideraciones sobre su diagnóstico histopatológico y su evolución.(AU)

Carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata / Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate

Small cell of undifferenciated tumors are present in almost all organs, and it impose the need of performing a differential diagnosis between undifferenciated tumors with residual differentiation according to the type of organ, and the carcinoma of small cells of neuroendocrine origin. The concept of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in the prostatic adenocarcinoma has reached considerable attention due to its prognostic and therapeutic implies. Here it is presented a new neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma case taking care of its hystopathologic diagnosis and evolution.

Los tumores indiferenciados de células pequeñas pueden ser encontrados prácticamente en todos los órganos, imponiendo la necesidad de realizar el diagnóstico diferencial entre tumores indiferenciados con diferenciación residual según el tipo de órgano y el carcinoma de células pequeñas de origen neuroendocrino. El concepto de diferenciación neuroendocrina (DNE) en el adenocarcinoma de próstata ha recibido recientemente considerable atención debido a sus implicancias pronosticas y terapéuticas. Se presenta un nuevo caso de carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata con consideraciones sobre su diagnóstico histopatológico y su evolución.

[Evolution of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone during an hemolytic crisis in a patient with aplastic anemia. Flow cytometry study]. / Evolución del clon de la hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna en la crisis hemolítica de una anemia aplásica. Estudio por citometría de flujo.

The expansion of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PHN) clone was evaluated in a patient with aplastic anemia (AA) of 18 years of evolution during an hemolytic crisis. On day 0, Ham and Sucrosa tests were positive and hematological parameters were altered. Low hemoglobin (Hb) levels and erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were found and continued decreasing on days 7 and 24 (last day of study). High LDH levels, indirect bilirubin and reticulocyte counts were detected throughout. We evaluated CD55 and CD59 on erythrocytes by flow cytometry. Our results showed low CD55 expression with respect to the normal pattern. Since day 0, CD59 staining detected two red cell populations: PNH I (48%), cells with positive fluorescence similar to normal and PNH III (52%), negative cells (PNH clone). These negative cells increased, reaching 70% on day 24. Other membrane anchored leukocyte proteins were also absent (CD14) or decreased (CD16). We found a good correlation between clinical observations, evolution of the laboratory values and expansion of the PNH clone.

Cirugía conservadora en el cáncer de riñón (II): resutados de la enuclación in situ / Copnservative surgery of renal tumor (II): results of tumoral enucleation in situ

Elñ incremento sostenido en el diagnóstico de tumores incidentales de riñón por elempleo extendido de métodos ecográficos y tomográficos, el que aquellos resulten de tamaño relativamente pequeño y que este hecho se relacione con menor agresidad biológica ha llevado a una ampliación de las indicaciones de la cirugía conservadora. La misma se aplicó con técnica de enucleación en 19 pacientes. Cinco de ellos reconocieron indicación imperativa por tumores bilaterales o por tratarse de tumores en riñón único; en los restantes la indicación fue electiva, con tumores unilaterales con riñón contralateral sano. Luego de un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 22,5 meses, 2 pacientes con indicación imperativa mostraron progresión local y a distancia, respectivamente, en tanto que no se detectó recidiva local ni metástasis a distancia en ninguno de los 14 casos de indicación electiva. La incidencia de recidivas parece guardar relación con el grado histológico, el estadio y el tamaño del tumor. El empleo de cirugía conservadora en caos de tumores unilaterales con contralateral sano presupone una cuidadosa slección de los pacientes que serán sometidos a la misma

Cirugía conservadora en el cáncer de riñón (II): resutados de la enuclación in situ / Copnservative surgery of renal tumor (II): results of tumoral enucleation in situ

Elñ incremento sostenido en el diagnóstico de tumores incidentales de riñón por elempleo extendido de métodos ecográficos y tomográficos, el que aquellos resulten de tamaño relativamente pequeño y que este hecho se relacione con menor agresidad biológica ha llevado a una ampliación de las indicaciones de la cirugía conservadora. La misma se aplicó con técnica de enucleación en 19 pacientes. Cinco de ellos reconocieron indicación imperativa por tumores bilaterales o por tratarse de tumores en riñón único; en los restantes la indicación fue electiva, con tumores unilaterales con riñón contralateral sano. Luego de un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 22,5 meses, 2 pacientes con indicación imperativa mostraron progresión local y a distancia, respectivamente, en tanto que no se detectó recidiva local ni metástasis a distancia en ninguno de los 14 casos de indicación electiva. La incidencia de recidivas parece guardar relación con el grado histológico, el estadio y el tamaño del tumor. El empleo de cirugía conservadora en caos de tumores unilaterales con contralateral sano presupone una cuidadosa slección de los pacientes que serán sometidos a la misma(AU)

Cirugía conservadora en el cáncer de riñón (I): resultados de la enucleación tumoral ex vivo / Conservative surgery of renal tumor (I): results of tumoral enucleation \"ex vivo\"

La cirugía de los tumores de riñón con conservación de órgano reconoce, además de sus indicaciones precisas en casos de monorrenos anatómicos o funcionales o de un tumor bilateral, aplicaciones optativas en pacientes con riñón contralateral sano. Las principales objeciones a esta postura residen en las posibilidades de dejar lesiones residuales por inuficiente exéresis del tumor o por multicentricidad del mismo. La enucleación tumoral es una de las técnicas utilizadas en la cirugía conservadora y con objetivo de establecer sus posibilidades la misma fuie practicada en 26 especímenes de nefrectomía radical por cáncer renal. Los tumores de hasta 4 cm de diámetro no mostraron tumor residual en el lecho ni tumores multicéntricos, en tanto que los de mayor diámetro presentaron estas lesiones en proporción creciente en relación con el tamaño tumoral. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la enucleación puede ser utilizada razonablemente en tumores renales menores de 4 cm de diámetro

Cirugía conservadora en el cáncer de riñón (I): resultados de la enucleación tumoral ex vivo / Conservative surgery of renal tumor (I): results of tumoral enucleation "ex vivo"

La cirugía de los tumores de riñón con conservación de órgano reconoce, además de sus indicaciones precisas en casos de monorrenos anatómicos o funcionales o de un tumor bilateral, aplicaciones optativas en pacientes con riñón contralateral sano. Las principales objeciones a esta postura residen en las posibilidades de dejar lesiones residuales por inuficiente exéresis del tumor o por multicentricidad del mismo. La enucleación tumoral es una de las técnicas utilizadas en la cirugía conservadora y con objetivo de establecer sus posibilidades la misma fuie practicada en 26 especímenes de nefrectomía radical por cáncer renal. Los tumores de hasta 4 cm de diámetro no mostraron tumor residual en el lecho ni tumores multicéntricos, en tanto que los de mayor diámetro presentaron estas lesiones en proporción creciente en relación con el tamaño tumoral. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la enucleación puede ser utilizada razonablemente en tumores renales menores de 4 cm de diámetro(AU)

Evolución del clon de la hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna en la crisis hemolítica de una anemia aplásica. Estudio por citometría de flujo. / [Evolution of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone during an hemolytic crisis in a patient with aplastic anemia. Flow cytometry study]

The expansion of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PHN) clone was evaluated in a patient with aplastic anemia (AA) of 18 years of evolution during an hemolytic crisis. On day 0, Ham and Sucrosa tests were positive and hematological parameters were altered. Low hemoglobin (Hb) levels and erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were found and continued decreasing on days 7 and 24 (last day of study). High LDH levels, indirect bilirubin and reticulocyte counts were detected throughout. We evaluated CD55 and CD59 on erythrocytes by flow cytometry. Our results showed low CD55 expression with respect to the normal pattern. Since day 0, CD59 staining detected two red cell populations: PNH I (48

), cells with positive fluorescence similar to normal and PNH III (52

), negative cells (PNH clone). These negative cells increased, reaching 70

on day 24. Other membrane anchored leukocyte proteins were also absent (CD14) or decreased (CD16). We found a good correlation between clinical observations, evolution of the laboratory values and expansion of the PNH clone.

[Hairy cell leukemia. An alternative method for the detection of minimal residual disease using flow cytometry]. / Leucemia de células vellosas. Un método alternativo para la detección de enfermedad minima residual por citometría de flujo.

In patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) who received chemotherapeutic treatment and achieved complete remission (CR), minimal residual disease (MRD) can be detected in bone marrow biopsies using immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. In this study, we investigated the value of flow cytometry (FCM) and IHC to detect MRD and to establish whether MRD+ could predict relapse. A total of 15 HCL patients in CR were studied. Samples of bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) were processed by FCM with triple staining of the following monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): CD20, CD22, CD11c, CD103, CD25, anti-Kappa and anti-Lambda light chains. Reference values were obtained from normal samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow. FCM detected MRD in 64% of the patients. BM samples were more demonstrative than peripheral blood for MRD detection in HCL. IHC was performed in paraffin-embedded BM biopsies using CD20 and DBA44 mAbs. MRD+ was detected in 46% of patients. Although not statistically significant, FCM appeared more sensitive compared with IHC. Detection of MRD by either of these methods in our series did not predict hematological relapse. The results show that FCM is a useful alternative method to detect MRD in HCL and that a longer, follow-up is required to establish the predictive outcome of MRD+ patients.

Guillain-Barre syndrome following 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment for Hairy Cell Leukemia.

A 68-year-old man, with Hairy Cell Leukemia developed a Guillain-Barré syndrome (G-B), 32 days after a single course of 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (CDA) at 0,14 mg/k/d, for five days in a two-hour-i.v. infusion and following a febrile neutropenia episode. In order to clarify whether this G-B case was related to an infection or to CDA neurotoxicity, we screened for infection-related autoimmune G-B and for antibodies (abs.) against gangliosides of peripheral nerves. Blood and urinary cultures were negative as well as serum anti-virus abs. However, serum anti-ganglioside abs. were positive for anti-asialo GM1 and anti-Gd1b. This latter finding was consistent with an autoimmune mechanism, not described until now as CDA neurotoxicity. In the present case, we do not have enough evidence to link CDA administration to the G-B syndrome. We think that it is necessary to exclude other causes of neurotoxicity before considering CDA adverse effect.

Leucemia de células vellosas. Un método alternativo para la detección de enfermedad minima residual por citometría de flujo. / [Hairy cell leukemia. An alternative method for the detection of minimal residual disease using flow cytometry]

In patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) who received chemotherapeutic treatment and achieved complete remission (CR), minimal residual disease (MRD) can be detected in bone marrow biopsies using immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. In this study, we investigated the value of flow cytometry (FCM) and IHC to detect MRD and to establish whether MRD+ could predict relapse. A total of 15 HCL patients in CR were studied. Samples of bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) were processed by FCM with triple staining of the following monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): CD20, CD22, CD11c, CD103, CD25, anti-Kappa and anti-Lambda light chains. Reference values were obtained from normal samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow. FCM detected MRD in 64

of the patients. BM samples were more demonstrative than peripheral blood for MRD detection in HCL. IHC was performed in paraffin-embedded BM biopsies using CD20 and DBA44 mAbs. MRD+ was detected in 46

of patients. Although not statistically significant, FCM appeared more sensitive compared with IHC. Detection of MRD by either of these methods in our series did not predict hematological relapse. The results show that FCM is a useful alternative method to detect MRD in HCL and that a longer, follow-up is required to establish the predictive outcome of MRD+ patients.