ABSTRACT
A method was devised to calculate dose rates aboard the International space station (ISS) with account for radiation field anisotropy in the region of South-Atlantic anomaly. The method enables incorporation in an explicit form the spectral-angular distribution of falling radiation in combination with ISS shielding mass distribution. It includes also a procedure of reducing these characteristics to the united coordinates with reference to ISS orientation. The dose rate ratio on the Service module opposite sides was shown to depend essentially on ISS spatial orientation.
Subject(s)
Cosmic Radiation , Radiation Monitoring , Spacecraft , Anisotropy , Humans , International Cooperation , Models, Theoretical , Radiation Dosage , Radiation Monitoring/instrumentation , Space Flight , Spacecraft/instrumentation , Time Factors , United States , United States National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationABSTRACT
Analysis of the radiation conditions during a piloted expedition to Mars made it evident that the radiation safety system will be one of the most critical components of life support aboard the future Martian vehicle. The concept and main functions of the system have been considered. The authors give their vision of the radiation monitoring system based on the present-day radiation safety postulates, comparison and contrasting methods and equipment applied for the purpose in current orbital and projected interplanetary flights.
Subject(s)
Cosmic Radiation , Mars , Radiation Monitoring , Radiation Protection , Space Flight , Humans , Radiometry , Solar Activity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Compared and contrasted were models of radiation shielding of habitable compartments of the basal Mir module that had been used to calculate crew absorbed doses from space radiation. Developed was a model of the ISS Service module radiation shielding. It was stated that there is a good agreement between experimental shielding function and the one calculated from this model.
Subject(s)
Models, Biological , Radiation Injuries/prevention & control , Space Flight , Spacecraft , Humans , Radiation MonitoringABSTRACT
One of the serious disadvantages of the U.S. (AP-8 and AE-8) and Russian trapped radiation models is the lack of data concerning the dynamics of trapped particles fluences within a time interval shorter than the solar cycle. The available models are capable to predict the energy spectra of trapped particles only for periods in the vicinity of the solar minimum or maximum. The current models are also lacking data about the angular distribution of trapped particles. Meanwhile, these facts are important in conjunction with the problems of radiation safety of space crews. DOZA-A1 incorporating 7 semiconductor detector with a dose sensitivity of 2.4. 10(-4) muGy/pulse and a temporal resolution of 15 seconds, and a reading and charging unit were delivered to MIR in September, 1995; the experiment began in January, 1996. Measurements were made in three locations of the basal module. The articles deals with the analysis and comparison of experimental data with results of other dosimetric determinations and predictions of the trapped radiation models.
Subject(s)
Radiation Monitoring/instrumentation , Radiometry/instrumentation , Spacecraft , Cosmic Radiation , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Proposed is a technique for estimation of radiation loading of cosmonauts' body from the data of the space station radiation monitoring system by bringing the objective to a linear mathematical model. Resulted matrix ratios allow to work out the challenge; test calculations illustrating efficiency of the proposed technique are included.
Subject(s)
Astronauts , Cosmic Radiation , Radiation Injuries/prevention & control , Radiation Monitoring/instrumentation , Spacecraft , Body Burden , Humans , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
Relationships correlating the damage expected from radiation exposure in space mission with radiobiological reactions of the body, parameters of radiation environment along the trajectory, and shielding properties of spacecraft structures were established with the use of mathematical tools of the set theory and the theory of chances. To this end, appropriate mathematical formulas were introduced which aided formalization of the space crew radiation safety task in the form of two inequalities.
Subject(s)
Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Protection , Spacecraft , Humans , Models, Theoretical , Radiation Protection/methods , Radiation, Ionizing , Radiobiology , Safety , Safety ManagementABSTRACT
The Liulin dosimeter-radiometer on the MIR space station detected the 19 October 1989 high energy solar proton event. These results show that the main particle increase contains protons with energies up to about 9 GeV. After the main particle onset the Liulin dosimeter observed a typical geomagnetic cutoff modulation of the dose rate from the solar particles as the MIR space station traversed magnetic latitudes. When the interplanetary shock and associated solar plasma enveloped the earth on 20 October between 14 and 17 UT the radiation exposure increased significantly due to the lowering of the geomagnetic cutoff. The analysis of this event shows how various geophysical phenomena can significantly modulate the dose rate encountered by earth-orbiting spacecraft.
Subject(s)
Cosmic Radiation , Protons , Radiation Monitoring/instrumentation , Solar Activity , Space Flight/instrumentation , Spacecraft/instrumentation , Magnetics , Radiation Dosage , RadiometryABSTRACT
Using data from dosimetry-radiometry system "Liulin" on board of "Mir"-space station the particle flux and doserate during September-October, 1989 has been studied. The orbit of the station was 379 km perigee, 410 km apogee and 51.6 degrees inclination. Special attention has been paid to the flux and doserate changes inside the station after intensive solar proton events (SPE) on 29 of September, 1989. The comparison between the doses before and after the solar flares shows increase of the calculated mean dose per day by factor of 10 to 200. During the SPE on the 29 of September the additional dose was 310 mrad. The results of the experiment are compared with the data for the solar proton fluxes obtained on the GOES-7 satellite.
