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1.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 21(10): 1297-308, 2008 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18785825

ABSTRACT

Increasing concentrations of ozone (O(3)) in the troposphere affect many organisms and their interactions with each other. To analyze the changes in a plant-pathogen interaction, soybean plants were infected with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) while they were fumigated with O(3). In otherwise natural field conditions, elevated O(3) treatment slowed systemic infection and disease development by inducing a nonspecific resistance against SMV for a period of 3 weeks. During this period, the negative effect of virus infection on light-saturated carbon assimilation rate was prevented by elevated O(3) exposure. To identify the molecular basis of a soybean nonspecific defense response, high-throughput gene expression analysis was performed in a controlled environment. Transcripts of fungal, bacterial, and viral defense-related genes, including PR-1, PR-5, PR-10, and EDS1, as well as genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways (and concentrations of their end products, quercetin and kaempherol derivatives) increased in response to elevated O(3). The drastic changes in soybean basal defense response under altered atmospheric conditions suggest that one of the elements of global change may alter the ecological consequences and, eventually, coevolutionary relationship of plant-pathogen interactions in the future.


Subject(s)
Glycine max/virology , Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects , Mosaic Viruses/physiology , Ozone/pharmacology , Chromatography, Liquid , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Mass Spectrometry , Models, Biological , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Propanols/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Glycine max/drug effects , Glycine max/genetics
2.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 21(5): 631-45, 2008 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18393623

ABSTRACT

Legumes interact with nodulating bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for plant use. This nitrogen fixation takes place within root nodules that form after infection of root hairs by compatible rhizobia. Using cDNA microarrays, we monitored gene expression in soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with the nodulating bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum 4, 8, and 16 days after inoculation, timepoints that coincide with nodule development and the onset of nitrogen fixation. This experiment identified several thousand genes that were differentially expressed in response to B. japonicum inoculation. Expression of 27 genes was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and their expression patterns mimicked the microarray results, confirming integrity of analyses. The microarray results suggest that B. japonicum reduces plant defense responses during nodule development. In addition, the data revealed a high level of regulatory complexity (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, post-translational) that is likely essential for development of the symbiosis and adjustment to an altered nutritional status.


Subject(s)
Bradyrhizobium/growth & development , Gene Expression Profiling , Glycine max/genetics , Root Nodules, Plant/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology , Soybean Proteins/genetics , Glycine max/microbiology , Transcription, Genetic
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