New Insights into the Phytochemical Profile and Biological Properties of Lycium intricatum Bois. (Solanaceae).

This work aimed to boost the valorisation of Lycium intricatum Boiss. L. as a source of high added value bioproducts. For that purpose, leaves and root ethanol extracts and fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) were prepared and evaluated for radical scavenging activity (RSA) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal chelating potential against copper and iron ions. Extracts were also appraised for in vitro inhibition of enzymes implicated on the onset of neurological diseases (acetylcholinesterase: AChE and butyrylcholinesterase: BuChE), type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, α-glucosidase), obesity/acne (lipase), and skin hyperpigmentation/food oxidation (tyrosinase). The total content of phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and hydrolysable tannins (THTC) was evaluated by colorimetric methods, while the phenolic profile was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode-array ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV-DAD). Extracts had significant RSA and FRAP, and moderate copper chelation, but no iron chelating capacity. Samples had a higher activity towards α-glucosidase and tyrosinase, especially those from roots, a low capacity to inhibit AChE, and no activity towards BuChE and lipase. The ethyl acetate fraction of roots had the highest TPC and THTC, whereas the ethyl acetate fraction of leaves had the highest flavonoid levels. Gallic, gentisic, ferulic, and trans-cinnamic acids were identified in both organs. The results suggest that L. intricatum is a promising source of bioactive compounds with food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications.

A new ionone derivative from Lycium intricatum Boiss. (Solanaceae).

Lycium intricatum Boiss also called 'Awsadj' is a subshrub belonging to the Solanaceae family and producing red berries. In the present work, we report the isolation of a new compound, ((1 R,3aR,7aS)-3a,7-dimethyl-1-((E)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-1,3a,4,7a-tetrahydroisobenzofuran-5(3H)-one (1)). Three known compounds were also isolated for the first time from L. intricatum, and identified as isoscopoletin (2), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl alcohol (3), and (+)-isolariciresinol (4). Compounds 1-4 were isolated from the extract of leaves using chromatographic techniques, and the structure of compound 1 was fully elucidated by NMR, MS and ECD experiments.

Analysis and chemotaxonomic significance of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from two Boraginaceae species growing in Algeria.

In the current study the pyrrolizidine alkaloid profiles of the species Echium sabulicola ssp. decipiens (Pomel) Klotz and Solenanthus lanatus DC were studied in various extracts. In addition, a chemotaxonomic study within the genus and the family was carried out. The analysis was carried out by using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and by comparing the Kovats Indices and molecular and fragment ions with literature data. Twenty-three alkaloids were tentatively identified. The results showed the presence of already reported compounds as well as previously unreported ones leading both to a confirmation of the botanical classification of the two studied species and to a brand new path in the chemotaxonomy of Boraginaceae family. The presence of some pyrrolizidine alkaloids sets limits for the usage of these plants for medicinal purposes. The identified compounds confirm the botanical classification of the studied species as members of the Boraginaceae family and their presence advices against their use in the ethnopharmacological field.

First study on the pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Pardoglossum cheirifolium (L.) E.Barbier & Mathez.: GC-MS analysis of their volatile components in the whole plant.

In this work, the first study on the pyrrolizidine alkaloids content of Pardoglossum cheirifolium (L.) E.Barbier & Mathez. was reported. The studied exemplar was collected in Algeria and the analysis was carried out by means of GC-MS on the crude base extract deriving from the whole plant. Nine compounds were tentatively identified and they all represent new phytochemicals at the species level. Their presence confirms the botanical classification of the plant as a member of the Boraginaceae family. In addition, it points out some interesting chemosystematic relations within the family.

Alkaloids and sesquiterpenes from roots and leaves of Lycium europaeum L. (Solanaceae) with antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities.

Lycium europaeum L. is a spiny shrub of the Solanaceae family, known in Algeria as 'Awsaj' and used as food and herbal remedy. The phytochemical investigation of the alkaloid extract of roots and leaves led to the isolation and characterisation of one alkaloid (harmine (3)) and four sesquiterpenes (C-1' epimer of (2 R,5S,10R)-2-(1',2'-dihydroxy-1'-methylethyl)-6,10-dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-8-one (1), C-1' epimer of 2-(1',2'-di-hydroxy-1'-methylethyl)-6,10-dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6,9-dien-8-one (2), (+)-dehydrovomifoliol (4), vomifoliol (5)). Their structures were elucidated using NMR and MS spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds were characterised for the first time from the genus Lycium. All isolated compounds have shown antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities in the bioautography assays. The ethanolic and alkaloid extracts of roots and leaves were also tested, and, particularly, the alkaloid extracts were the most active ones as antioxidant and AChE inhibitors.

HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS screening of phytochemical compounds and the bioactive properties of different plant parts of Zizyphus lotus (L.) Desf.

Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) has been widely used as a homemade ingredient to treat numerous diseases in Algerian folk medicine. In this context, decoction, infusion and hydroethanolic extracts were prepared from the branches, leaves, roots, and stem barks. The extracts were characterized regarding their phytochemical composition by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn and were assessed for in vitro bioactivity (cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antibacterial activity). A total of 29 compounds (flavonoid derivatives and secoiridoids) were identified in Z. lotus, 15 being detected in leaves, 10 in branches, 5 in roots and 7 in stem barks. The highest contents of these compounds, especially secoiridoids, were detected in branches followed by leaves, oleuropein being the main compound detected in leaves and oleoside in branches. The aqueous preparations of the leaves and root barks revealed the highest cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory potential. On the other hand, as for the antibacterial activity, the hydroethanolic extract of the branches showed the highest potential, especially against the MSSA strain. Hence, the chemical diversity found in Z. lotus makes it a source of bioactive ingredients that can be applied in the formulations of different ingredients in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterasic activities of the leaf extracts of Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire in different solvents.

In this work, the extracts obtained with different solvents from the leaves of Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire were studied for their phytochemical profile and then for their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The phytochemical profiles of the extracts in n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, anthraquinone rich and water, showed the presence of different compounds belonging to several classes of natural products such as flavonoids, anthraquinones, saccharides and fatty acids. For what concerns the biological tests, the ethyl acetate, methanol and anthraquinone rich extracts showed the highest activities in both assays due to the high amount of compounds possessing those properties such as flavonoids and anthraquinones. By consequence, these specific extracts of the species may be considered to be potential sources of natural antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterasic compounds.

Detailed phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties of Myrtus nivelii Batt & Trab.

The endemic Algerian myrtle, Myrtus nivelii Batt & Trab., was evaluated for its bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities, and correlated with the individual phenolic compounds identified in its crude aqueous extract and subsequent organic fractions (ethyl acetate and butanol). Flavonols, such as myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin glycoside derivatives, were the major phenolic compounds found, along with the presence of ellagitannins. The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds, followed by the butanol fraction and, finally, the crude aqueous extract. In general, all samples exhibited an excellent bioactivity, namely the ethyl acetate fraction that presented strong antioxidant activity, when compared to the standard trolox, strong cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity, especially against MRSA and MSSA. The present study revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. nivelii could be used as a source of bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Aerial Parts of Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less. and Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC.: Two Asteraceae Herbs Growing Wild in the Hoggar.

In recent years, antimicrobial activities of essential oils have been intensively explored, mainly in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents to overcome microbial resistance. The present study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from two Asteraceae: Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less. and Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC. Chemical analysis was performed using a combination of capillary GC-FID and GC/MS analytical techniques. The major component of Asteriscus graveolens were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (31.1%), myrtenyl acetate (15.1%), and kessane (11.5%), while for Pulicaria incisa the main components were chrysanthenone (45.3%) and 2,6-dimethylphenol (12.6%). The oils obtained from the aerial parts were tested against sixteen microbial strains by agar well diffusion technique and dilution methods and showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range of 19 - 1250 µg/ml. A good antibacterial activity against a common nosocomial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumanniiATCC 19606 was observed, especially from Pulicaria incisa essential oil, with a MIC value up to 19 µg/ml. These results give significant information about the pharmacological activity of these essential oils, which suggest their benefits to human health, having the potential to be used for medical purposes.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Echium confusum Coincy.

Four pyrrolizidine alkaloids, namely 7-O-angeloyllycopsamine N-oxide 1, echimidine N-oxide 2, echimidine 3 and 7-O-angeloylretronecine 4, were isolated for the first time from the whole plant ethanolic extract of Echium confusum Coincy, through bioassay-guided approach. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means. All the isolates compounds showed moderate activities in inhibiting AChE, with IC50 0.276-0.769.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Solenanthus lanatus DC. with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.

The whole plant ethanolic extract of Solenanthus lanatus was used for the isolation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. A new pyrrolizidine alkaloid, 7-O-angeloylechinatine N-oxide, 1, was isolated together with three known compounds of the same class (3'-O-acetylheliosupine N-oxide, 2, heliosupine N-oxide, 3, and heliosupine, 4), by bioassay-guided approach. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. All the isolated compounds showed inhibition activity against the AChE, with IC50 0.53-0.60 mM.

Genetic structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Old World reveals a strong differentiation between eastern and western populations.

Since the publication of this paper, it has become apparent that an error was made in the legend to Fig. 3 and the colours referring to occidental and oriental are the wrong way round. The authors apologise for this error, and a correct version of the legend to Fig. 3 is given below.

Genetic structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Old World reveals a strong differentiation between eastern and western populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Date palms (Phoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae) are of great economic and ecological value to the oasis agriculture of arid and semi-arid areas. However, despite the availability of a large date palm germplasm spreading from the Atlantic shores to Southern Asia, improvement of the species is being hampered by a lack of information on global genetic diversity and population structure. In order to contribute to the varietal improvement of date palms and to provide new insights on the influence of geographic origins and human activity on the genetic structure of the date palm, this study analysed the diversity of the species. METHODS: Genetic diversity levels and population genetic structure were investigated through the genotyping of a collection of 295 date palm accessions ranging from Mauritania to Pakistan using a set of 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and a plastid minisatellite. KEY RESULTS: Using a Bayesian clustering approach, the date palm genotypes can be structured into two different gene pools: the first, termed the Eastern pool, consists of accessions from Asia and Djibouti, whilst the second, termed the Western pool, consists of accessions from Africa. These results confirm the existence of two ancient gene pools that have contributed to the current date palm diversity. The presence of admixed genotypes is also noted, which points at gene flows between eastern and western origins, mostly from east to west, following a human-mediated diffusion of the species. CONCLUSIONS: This study assesses the distribution and level of genetic diversity of accessible date palm resources, provides new insights on the geographic origins and genetic history of the cultivated component of this species, and confirms the existence of at least two domestication origins. Furthermore, the strong genetic structure clearly established here is a prerequisite for any breeding programme exploiting the effective polymorphism related to each gene pool.