Arthroscopic Removal of a Loose Polyethylene Glenoid Component With Bone Grafting and Patch Augmentation for Glenoid Osseous Defect.

Glenoid component loosening is a common cause of failed total shoulder arthroplasty. Many different treatment options exist for the management of a symptomatic loose polyethylene glenoid component, ranging from component removal to revision arthroplasty. Arthroscopic removal and conversion to hemiarthroplasty provides a minimally invasive management option that avoids takedown of the subscapularis and allows for humeral prosthesis retention. Frequently, however, osteolysis is encountered concomitantly leading to cavitary glenoid bone deficits at the time of glenoid implant removal, limiting both immediate and future treatment options. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe in detail an all-arthroscopic technique for removal of a loose polyethylene glenoid component with subsequent bone grafting of a contained glenoid bone defect, and insertion of a human dermal allograft patch.

The Anatomy of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament.

Recurrent patellar dislocation is observed in many patients treated nonoperatively following primary dislocation. Injury to the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is reported in the majority of patients following dislocation. There is an increased interest in repair or reconstruction of the MPFL for patients experiencing recurrent instability. The femoral attachment of the MPFL is critical in determining graft behavior following reconstruction. The femoral attachment can be determined by referencing local anatomy, fluoroscopic imaging or on the basis of desired graft-length changes. This article reviews the anatomy of the MPFL, with a focus on its femoral insertion site as it pertains to anatomic, isometric, and anisometric reconstruction. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(4):e583-e588.].

Outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty in patients younger than 65 years: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Despite concerns about the longevity of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in young patients, it remains an attractive option because of the absence of superior options. METHODS: A systematic review was performed using searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. English-language studies were identified with search terms "total shoulder arthroplasty" (title/abstract) or "shoulder replacement" (title/abstract) and "young" (title/abstract) or "under 65 years of age" (title/abstract). Duplicate studies, studies not reporting outcomes, and those using a humeral resurfacing technique were excluded. Outcomes of interest included pain, range of motion, patient-reported outcome scores, patient satisfaction, radiographic changes, complication and revision rates, and implant survival. RESULTS: Six studies met inclusion criteria. Significant improvements in pain, range of motion, and patient-reported outcomes were found across all studies that reported these measures. At an average of 9.4 years, 17.4% underwent revision and 54% had glenoid lucency. Whereas glenoid loosening is the most common reason for revision (52%), overall implant survivorship was reported at 60% to 80% at 10- to 20-year follow-up. Outcome measures including the Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, and Simple Shoulder Test scores were reported, with generally satisfactory but not excellent results between 3 and 10 years from surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is concern with periprosthetic radiolucency and glenoid loosening in the young patient (<65 years) undergoing TSA, overall low revision rates and high implant survivorship are reported in the current literature. Whereas the patient-reported outcomes are inferior to those of the overall TSA population, there is significant improvement from baseline levels in young patients with glenohumeral arthritis.

Computational analysis of factors contributing to patellar dislocation.

Treatment for an initial incidence of patellar dislocation is usually conservative management; however, almost half of patients experience a subsequent, or multiple, dislocation(s). Patients often undergo multiple procedures which fail to treat the underlying anatomic abnormalities. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between key predisposing anatomic factors to patellar dislocation and identify combinations of abnormal factors which increase the risk of recurrent lateral dislocation. Four factors associated with lateral patellar dislocation were identified (sulcus angle, Insall-Salvati ratio, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, and femoral anteversion). A finite element model of the patellofemoral joint was developed and parameterized so that a value for each factor could be applied and the model geometry/alignment would be modified accordingly. 100 combinations of the four factors were generated in separate computational simulations and resulting kinematics and forces of the patellofemoral joint were recorded. Sulcus angle was the most impactful factor on constraint. Multiple abnormal factors were generally required to produce the extremes of patellar alignment observed in this analysis. Understanding the underlying anatomic factors, and their effect on joint mechanics, for patients with recurrent lateral patellar dislocation will aid in determining optimal treatment pathways on a patient-specific basis.

The prevalence and combined prevalences of anatomic factors associated with recurrent patellar dislocation: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic factors, including patella alta, increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, rotational deformities, and trochlear dysplasia, are associated with dislocation of the patella. Identifying the presence of these anatomic factors both in isolation and in combination may influence treatment in patients with patellar dislocation. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and combined prevalences of these anatomic factors using magnetic resonance imaging in a group of patients with and without histories of recurrent dislocation of the patella. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: The prevalence and combined prevalences of patella alta, increased TT-TG distance, rotational deformity, and trochlear dysplasia on magnetic resonance imaging were reported and compared in 60 patients (60 knees) with and 120 patients (120 knees) without histories of recurrent patellar dislocation. RESULTS: Patients with recurrent patellar dislocation possessed higher rates of patella alta (60.0% vs. 20.8%), increased TT-TG distance (42.0% vs. 3.2%), rotational deformity (26.7% vs. 2.5%), and trochlear dysplasia (68.3% vs. 5.8%) compared with patients without histories of patellar dislocation. Multiple anatomic factors were identified in 58.3% of patients (35/60) with recurrent dislocation compared with only 1.7% of controls (2/120). CONCLUSION: Recurrent patellar dislocation is associated with an increased prevalence of patella alta, increased TT-TG distance, rotational deformity, and trochlear dysplasia compared with patients with no histories of patellar dislocation. Multiple anatomic factors were identified in the majority of patients with recurrent dislocation. Further research may identify which factors play a greater role in patellar stability and may allow physicians to predict which first-time dislocation patients are more likely to sustain recurrence.

Adverse reaction to metal debris in a patient with acetabular shell loosening 8 years after ceramic-on-metal total hip arthroplasty.

A 41-year-old woman presented 8 years after a left total hip arthroplasty. She complained of progressive groin pain for several months. Radiographs demonstrated a hard-on-hard bearing surface combination and radiolucent lines surrounding the acetabular shell. Laboratory analysis revealed a mild leukocytosis, a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a mildly elevated C-reactive protein. Serum cobalt and chromium levels were markedly elevated. Aspiration of the hip joint was negative for infection. Magnetic resonance imaging failed to demonstrate a pseudotumor. Revision total hip arthroplasty was performed, and a ceramic-on-metal bearing surface combination was explanted. Significant intraoperative findings included dark gray synovial fluid, metal transfer onto the ceramic femoral head, and a grossly loose acetabular shell pivoting about a single well-fixed screw. The explanted components otherwise appeared normal macroscopically. Histologic analysis of the capsular tissue demonstrated aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion and inclusion bodies consistent with third-body wear. Revision arthroplasty to a ceramic-on-polyethylene bearing surface combination was performed with a good clinical result and laboratory normalization at 9-month follow-up.

Multifocal juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a case series.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective case series reports on a group of patients with multifocal juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (MJOCD) of the knee and discusses demographic data, lesion location, stage, and treatment results. METHODS: Records of patients identified with MJOCD of the knee at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, radiographic, and surgical results were recorded. Lesions were descriptively classified and lesions undergoing surgical treatment were staged. Results of operative and nonoperative treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-nine lesions were identified in 28 patients who met the inclusion criteria. There were 22 males (78%) and 6 females (21%). Average age was 11.8 years (males, 6 to 17; females, 10 to 14). Thirty-six (61%) lesions were on the medial femoral condyle (MFC), 19 (32%) on the lateral femoral condyle, 2 (3%) on the trochlea, 1 (2%) on the patella, and 1 (2%) on the anteromedial tibial plateau. Forty-four (74%) lesions required operative treatment. Of the 32 stable lesions managed surgically, 25 (78%) achieved healing with operative treatment. All 12 unstable lesions identified were managed surgically with 5 (41%) healed after the initial operation. Lesions located on the MFC had a significantly higher rate of healing (89%) compared with lateral femoral condyle lesions (37%) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: MJOCD of the knee defines a subset of patients with >1 identified lesion occurring in the same or the contralateral knee. Prevalence of MJOCD of the knee is unknown. A high percentage of these patients require surgical intervention with only one quarter of stable lesions healing with conservative treatment. Healing rates of stable lesions after surgery was nearly twice that of unstable lesions undergoing surgical intervention. Lesions located on the MFC healed at a statistically significant greater rate than other locations within the knee. Sex, age, and associated discoid menisci had no effect on healing prognosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

Dexamethasone reduces length of hospitalization and improves postoperative pain and nausea after total joint arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Controlling postoperative pain and nausea after total joint arthroplasty remains an important challenge. We conducted a prospective, randomized controlled trial with 120 patients to determine if the addition of perioperative dexamethasone to a multimodal regimen improves antiemetic and analgesic control, enhances mobility, and shortens hospital length of stay after total hip and knee arthroplasty. Patients administered 10mg of intravenous dexamethasone intraoperatively consumed less daily rescue anti-emetic and analgesic medication, reported superior VAS nausea and pain scores, ambulated further distances, and had a significantly shorter length of stay compared to the control group (P<0.05). A second, 24-hour postoperative dose of 10mg intravenous dexamethasone provided significant additional pain and nausea control and further reduced length of stay (P<0.05). No adverse events were detected with the administration of the intraoperative and/or postoperative dexamethasone.

Ground emergency medical services requests for helicopter transfer of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients decrease medical contact to balloon times in rural and suburban settings.

OBJECTIVES: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care is time-dependent. Many STEMI patients require interhospital helicopter transfer for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) if ground emergency medical services (EMS) initially transport the patient to a non-PCI center. This investigation models potential time savings of ground EMS requests for helicopter EMS (HEMS) transport of a STEMI patient directly to a PCI center, rather than usual transport to a local hospital with subsequent transfer. METHODS: Data from a multicenter retrospective chart review of STEMI patients transferred for primary PCI by a single HEMS agency over 12 months were used to model medical contact to balloon times (MCTB) for two scenarios: a direct-to-scene HEMS response and hospital rendezvous after ground EMS initiation of transfer. RESULTS: Actual MCTB median time for 36 hospital-initiated transfers was 160 minutes (range = 116 to 321 minutes). Scene response MCTB median time was estimated as 112 minutes (range = 69 to 187 minutes). The difference in medians was 48 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 33 to 62 minutes). Hospital rendezvous MCTB median time was estimated as 113 minutes (range = 74 to 187 minutes). The difference in medians was 47 minutes (95% CI = 32 to 62 minutes). No patient had an actual MCTB time of less than 90 minutes; in the scene response and hospital rendezvous scenarios, 2 of 36 (6%) and 3 of 36 (8%), respectively, would have had MCTB times under 90 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: In this setting, ground EMS initiation of HEMS transfers for STEMI patients has the potential to reduce MCTB time, but most patients will still not achieve MCTB time of less than 90 minutes.

Reperfusion is delayed beyond guideline recommendations in patients requiring interhospital helicopter transfer for treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Early reperfusion portends better outcomes for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. This investigation estimates the proportions of STEMI patients transported by a hospital-based helicopter emergency medical services (EMS) system who meet the goals of 90-minute door-to-balloon time for percutaneous coronary intervention or 30-minute door-to-needle time for fibrinolysis. METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective chart review of STEMI patients flown by a hospital-based helicopter service in 2007. Included patients were transferred from an emergency department (ED) to a cardiac catheterization laboratory for primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention. Out-of-hospital, ED, and inpatient records were reviewed to determine door-to-balloon time and door-to-needle time. Data were abstracted with a priori definitions and criteria. RESULTS: There were 179 subjects from 16 referring and 6 receiving hospitals. Mean age was 58 years, 68% were men, and 86% were white. One hundred forty subjects were transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention, of whom 29 had no intervention during catheterization. For subjects with intervention, door-to-balloon time exceeded 90 minutes in 107 of 111 cases (97%). Median door-to-balloon time was 131 minutes (interquartile range 114 to 158 minutes). Thirty-nine subjects (21%) received fibrinolytics before transfer, and 19 of 39 (49%) received fibrinolytics within 30 minutes. Median door-to-needle time was 31 minutes (interquartile range 23 to 45 minutes). CONCLUSION: In this study, STEMI patients presenting to non-percutaneous coronary intervention facilities who are transferred to a percutaneous coronary intervention-capable hospital by helicopter EMS do not commonly receive fibrinolysis and rarely achieve percutaneous coronary intervention within 90 minutes. In similar settings, primary fibrinolysis should be considered while strategies to reduce the time required for subsequent interventional care are explored.