Skin absorption and human exposure estimation of three widely discussed UV filters in sunscreens--In vitro study mimicking real-life consumer habits.

Due to health concerns about safety, three UV-filters (Benzophenone-3, BP3, 10%; Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, EHMC, 10%; Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, BMDBM; 5%) were examined in vitro for absorption on full-thickness pig-ear skin, mimicking human in-use conditions. Kinetic profiles confirmed the rapid permeation of BP3; after the first hour of skin (frozen-stored) exposure to 2 mg/cm(2) (W/O sunscreen; recommended but unrealistic amount), about 0.5% of the applied dose passed into the receptor fluid. The absorption rate of filters was higher from W/O than from O/W emulsions. The fresh/frozen-stored skin permeability coefficient (0.83-0.54) for each UV filter was taken into account. Systemic Exposure Dosage of BP3, EHMC, BMDBM for humans as a consequence of (i) whole-body and (ii) face treatment with 0.5 mg/cm(2) of W/O sunscreen for 6-h skin exposure followed by washing and subsequent 18-h permeation (a realistic scenario) were estimated to be (i) 4744, 1032 and 1036 µg/kg-bw/day, and (ii) 153, 33 and 34 µg/kg-bw/day, respectively. From Margin of Safety for BP3, EHMC and BMDBM (i) 42, 485 and 192 as well as (ii) 1307; 15,151 and 5882, respectively, only the value of 42 (<100) for BP3 indicated a possible health risk. Escalation of a phobia towards all organic UV filters is undesirable.

[Knowledge level of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in secondary school students of non-medical specialisation in the Czech Republic]. / Uroveni znalostí studentu stredních nezdravotnických skol o neodkladné resuscitaci v Ceské republice.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is essential part of the first aid skill. Constant attention is given to education in CPR mainly among adolescents. The aim of our epidemiological study was to asses the actual level of theoretical knowledge in CPR. METHODS AND RESULTS: We have developed a simple questionnaire including 17 items with 4 possible answers, just one correct. The questionnaire was distributed to students of middle schools excluding those with medical specialisation. Total 796 students from 26 classrooms participated, 784 (98.5%) of questionnaires could be used for evaluation. Excluding the knowledge in the purpose of resuscitation mask and telephone number of Emergency service, the number of correct answers was below 30%, even in items, which did not change for many years (position of the victim's body during resuscitation, frequency of artificial ventilation). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that in spite of the effort to increase the level of knowledge in CPR in laymen, the actual level of knowledge is low and more frequent repetition of courses should be considered. In the future, we shall evaluate the effectiveness of new educational film.

Dermatoglyphics in juvenile hypertension.

Dermatoglyphics of 172 children and young adults (116 males, 56 females) with hypertension, 13-27 years old, were compared with those of 130 healthy male and 110 female controls. Several differences were observed between the two groups. Hypertensive patients had a somewhat lower frequency of fingertip ulnar loops, higher frequency whorls and a higher total finger ridge count. They also had a somewhat higher mean atd angle, significantly more frequent distal position of the axial triradius (mostly in t' position) and more missing axial triradii compared to controls. The differences between a-b ridge counts, the interdigital, thenar and hypothenar patterns were generally small and sometimes limited to one sex or one hand only. The observed differences seem to indicate a genetic influence in the etiology of essential hypertension.

[Clinical diagnosis and laboratory study of acute respiratory diseases of viral origin in children]. / Klinická diagnóza a laboratorní vysetrení akutních respiracních onemocnení virového puvodu u detí.

The authors analyzed retrospectively a group of 477 children aged two months to 16 years (mean age 6 years and 5 months), hospitalized on account of acute respiratory disease and subjected to virological examination. The aetiology was revealed in 53% of the sick children. In the elucidation of the aetiology participated a number of respiratory viruses, in particular the respiratory syncytial virus. The clinical picture of the disease was very varied. It was confirmed that the clinical picture does not make it possible to express in a considerable proportion of patients suspicion of an actual infectious aetiology. A mixed aetiology of acute respiratory diseases and a varied clinical picture indicate the necessity of a rapid virological and bacteriological examination in hospital practice.

[How can the Williams-Beuren syndrome be recognized?]. / Ako poznáme Williamsov-Beurenov syndróm?

In a girl with Williams-Beuren's syndrome psychological examination revealed mental retardation with a special mental profile, angiography revealed peripheral pulmonary stenoses, echocardiography a slight stenosis in the supravalvular aortal area and anthropometry typical facial signs. Indirect signs of hypercalcaemia were clinical signs of poor progress during infancy. The authors emphasize that accurate analysis of basic clinical signs and the natural development of the disease are the key to its diagnosis.

[Deviations in dermatoglyphic signs in juvenile hypertensives]. / Odchylky dermatoglyfických znaku u juvenilních hypertoniku.

In 172 children and young adults aged 13-27 years dermatoglyphic deviations were investigated, as compared with the normal Prague population. The authors tested 116 hypertonic males, as compared with 130 male controls; 110 healthy women were compared with 56 suffering from hypertension. Using classical modern statistical tests, some significant deviations were found in the pathological groups. The authors detected a less frequent prevalence of ulnar loops and more frequent whirls on the fingers of hypertensive patients. The numbers of papillary lines on the fingers were higher, as compared with normal values. Higher "atd" values, although not significantly, were found a more frequent incidence of distal positions of the axial triradius. Deviations of some other signs on the palms such as the number of lines between triradii a and b, patterns in the interdigital spaces, on the hypothenar and thenar were less marked and there were moreover sex-conditioned differences. The observed changes suggest a marked participation of genetic factors in the aetiology of essential hypertension and they can be explained by laws of developmental mechanics of the papillary lines during embryogenesis. Dermatoglyphs, a non-invasive method, could serve as a screening indicator for the follow up of individuals in threatened families.

[A nosocomial epidemic caused by adenovirus type 3 at a clinic for children and adolescents]. / Nozokomální epidemie vyvolaná adenovirem typu 3 na klinice detí a dorostu.

The authors describe an epidemic of acute viral respiratory diseases with a nosocomial character at a clinic for children and adolescents, caused by adenovirus type 3. Of 80 exposed children 26 fell ill (attack rate 32.5%). The disease took a clinical course typical for adenovirus type 3. The authors discuss the problem of respiratory infections with a viral aetiology at paediatric departments and their possible prevention.

[Chromosome aberrations in children with the Williams-Beuren syndrome]. / Chromozómové aberácie u detí s Williamsovým-Beurenovým syndrómom.

Karyotypic examinations were carried out in 10 children suffering from Williams-Beuren's syndrome. Chromosomal aberrations were established in two of the children. In one case the mosaic pattern of Klinefelter's syndrome was recorded, evidently presenting an instance of coincidence. In the other case deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 (q22.2q23) was demonstrated, which according to the authors' hypothesis may represent an alternative localization of the phenotypic traits of Williams-Beuren's syndrome or of its assumed underlying defect, namely derangement of the regulation of calcium metabolism. The value of cytogenetic examination of children with Williams-Beuren's syndrome in elucidating the so far obscure pathogenesis of this disease is being emphasized.