ABSTRACT
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation that has been intensively investigated in clinical and cognitive neuroscience. Although the general impression is that tDCS is a safe technique with mild and transient adverse effects (AEs), human data on safety and tolerability are largely provided from single-session studies in healthy volunteers. In addition the frequency of AEs and its relationship with clinical variables is unknown. With the aim of assessing tDCS safety in different conditions and study designs, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of tDCS clinical trials. We assessed Medline and other databases and reference lists from retrieved articles, searching for articles from 1998 (first trial with contemporary tDCS parameters) to August 2010. Animal studies, review articles and studies assessing other neuromodulatory techniques were excluded. According to our eligibility criteria, 209 studies (from 172 articles) were identified. One hundred and seventeen studies (56%) mentioned AEs in the report. Of these studies, 74 (63%) reported at least one AE and only eight studies quantified AEs systematically. In the subsample reporting AEs, the most common were, for active vs. sham tDCS group, itching (39.3% vs. 32.9%, p>0.05), tingling (22.2% vs. 18.3%, p>0.05), headache (14.8% vs. 16.2%, p>0.05), burning sensation (8.7% vs. 10%, p>0.05) and discomfort (10.4% vs. 13.4%, p>0.05). Meta-analytical techniques could be applied in only eight studies for itching, but no definite results could be obtained due to between-study heterogeneity and low number of studies. Our results suggested that some AEs such as itching and tingling were more frequent in the tDCS active group, although this was not statistically significant. Although results suggest that tDCS is associated with mild AEs only, we identified a selective reporting bias for reporting, assessing and publishing AEs of tDCS that hinders further conclusions. Based on our findings, we propose a revised adverse effects questionnaire to be applied in tDCS studies in order to improve systematic reporting of tDCS-related AEs.
Subject(s)
Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects , Bias , Data Collection , Deep Brain Stimulation/adverse effects , Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Skull , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
A endometriose é uma doença caracterizada pelo implante ectópico de estroma e/ou epitélio glandular endometrial em localização extra-uterina que acomete 15% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva, podendo se manifestar em focos superficiais peritoneais, no ovário ou na forma infiltrativa profunda. A paciente pode apresentar quadro clínico diverso...
Endometriosis is a disease characterized by ectopic implantation of stroma and/or endometrial glands in extra-uterine localization that affects 15% of women in reproductive age and may be expressed in peritoneum, ovary or as deeply infiltrating lesions...
