Factors influencing stunted growth in children: A study in Bandung regency focusing on a deworming program.

The prevalence of neglected tropical diseases, specifically those caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and other parasites that infest the intestine as part of their life cycle, remains a problem in Indonesia. We assessed the effects of deworming programs and socioeconomic and ecological factors on the incidence rate of infections with STHs and other parasites in an urban area of the Bandung Regency. We recruited 361 children with stunted growth who met the inclusion criteria, and 48 of those children were at high risk of STH infection. The study was conducted between September 2020 and September 2021. We collected possible socioeconomic factors influencing the incidence rate of infections. We found the incidence rate of STH infections among the children with stunted growth to be 3.6%. We confirmed infections with Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium after a Ziehl-Nieelsen stool smear examination in two of the 48 children at risk of infection. We found 43.75% of the children had short stature and weight below the normal limits, while stunting and severe stunting were associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection (44.70%, p = 0.035). Parents of children with stunted and severely stunted growth were more likely to have a low education level, lack knowledge about deworming program, and to be earning a low income. The mother's occupation had a particularly strong influence on the severity of the stunting (89.58%, p = 0.012). Our results show that deworming programs can affect the growth and development of children and that socioeconomic and ecological factors also play a role.

Anticancer Activity of Aaptos suberitoides on Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Line.

OBJECTIVE: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) poses a significant challenge due to its high aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis, with existing treatments demonstrating limited efficacy in prolonging survival rates. This study aimed to assess the anticancer properties of Aaptos suberitoides extracts and fraction on the U87 cell line, serving as a representative model for GBM. METHODS: U87 cells were treated with ethanol extracts derived from Aaptos suberitoides, specifically two extracts (OAA-1 and OAA-2) and one ethyl acetate fraction (EA) isolated from specimens collected on Pramuka Island and Tinjil Island. The evaluation encompased microscopic observation and MTT assay to determine the IC50. Subsequently, antiproliferative effects were investigated through apoptosis and cell cycle assays. RESULTS: The extract demonstrated cytotoxic activity against U87 cells, with OAA-1 and OAA-2 exhibiting IC50 values of 35.78 µg/mL and 25.38 µg/mL, respectively. OAA-1 notably induced apoptosis at 50 µg/mL and induced cell cycle arrest. On other hand, OAA-2, while also inducing apoptosis significantly, had a lesser impact on cell cycle arrest. In contrast, EA induced significant apoptosis at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extracts and the ethyl acetate fraction of Aaptos suberitoides emerged as a promising candidate for Glioblastoma Multiforme cancer therapy, showing potential in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.

The association of 25(OH)D, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 levels with the burden of soil-transmitted helminth infection in stunted children aged 24-59 months.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) among children aged 24-59 months is one cause of chronic infection that could lead to stunting. The association of 25(OH)D and immune responses during chronic infection in stunted populations has not yet been well established. An association study of case-control data was conducted in Bandung district from October 2019 to January 2023. Sociodemographic factors, stool samples, and serum levels of 25(OH)D, interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the prevalence and association of 25(OH)D, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 with the burden of STH infection in stunted children. In total, 401 stunted children were recruited. A higher burden of STH infection was found for lower levels of IL-5 (r = -0.477; p = 0.004) and IL-13 (r = -0.433; p = 0.028). Thus, 25(OH)D, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 play a role in the burden of STH infection.

Surveillance of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Preschool Child Population: Do Changes in Behavior and Immunological Responses Affect Prevalence?

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) persist as a significant global public health issue among neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly in children. STH infection can induce immune responses that affect the course of the disease; if treatment fails, chronic infection can lead to stunting, especially among children aged 24-59 months, which is a vulnerable period for growth and development. We conducted a correlational, cross-sectional data collection study to evaluate the characteristics and association of 25(OH)D, interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) with the prevalence of STH infection in children aged 24-59 months in Bandung District, Indonesia, in October 2019-January 2023. We recruited 694 subjects (401 stunted and 293 normal-height children). The prevalence of STH infection among the stunted and normal-height groups was 5.7% (95% CI: 3.85-8.46%) and 3.4% (95% CI; 1.86-6.17%) (p = 0.156), respectively. The probability of the prevalence of STH infection in children with levels of 25(OH)D, IL-5, and IL-13 below the cut-off point was 6,93 to 16.71 times higher. We found a relationship between IL-5, IL-13, and environmental factors and the prevalence of STH infection in stunted children.

The Effect of Physalis angulata L. Administration on Gene Expressions Related to Lung Fibrosis Resolution in Mice-Induced Bleomycin.

Purpose: To explore the potential therapeutic effects of Physalis angulata L. (Ciplukan) extract on lung fibrosis resolution in a Bleomycin-induced mouse model, researchers conducted a comprehensive study. The study focused on key genes associated with fibrosis progression, including Nox4, Mmp8, Klf4, and FAS, and assessed their mRNA expression levels following the administration of Ciplukan extract. Methods: A Bleomycin-induced mice model was divided into seven groups to investigate the effects of ciplukan extract on fibrosis-related gene expressions. Mice were induced with subcutaneously injected Bleomycin to generate lung fibrosis and given different doses of the Ciplukan extract for four weeks. Lung fibrosis mRNA expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR for Nox4, Klf4, Mmp8, and FAS. Results: The administration of ciplukan extract resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA expression of Nox4 with p-value=0.000, Mmp8 with p-value =0.002, and Klf4 with p-value =0.007, indicating potential antifibrotic effects. However, FAS expression remained unchanged (p-value=0.127). Conclusion: Ciplukan extract exhibited promising effects on fibrosis-related gene expressions, particularly Nox4, Mmp8, and Klf4. This study suggests that the extract has the potential to intervene in fibrosis progression, offering a potential avenue for therapeutic strategies.

The Potentials of Ageratum conyzoides and Other Plants from Asteraceae as an Antiplasmodial and Insecticidal for Malaria Vector: An Article Review.

Background: Malaria is a life-threatening disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) used as an antimalarial treatment has reduced efficacy due to resistance, not only to the parasite but also to the vector. Therefore, it is important to find alternatives to overcome malaria cases through medicinal plants such as Ageratum conyzoides and other related plants within Asteraceae family. Purpose: This review summarizes the antimalarial and insecticidal activities of A. conyzoides and other plants belonging to Asteraceae family. Data Source: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer link. Study Selection: Online databases were used to retrieve journals using specific keywords combined with Boolean operators. The inclusion criteria were articles with experimental studies either in vivo or in vitro, in English or Indonesian, published after 1st January 2000, and full text available for inclusion in this review. Data Extraction: The antimalarial activity, insecticidal activity, and structure of the isolated compounds were retrieved from the selected studies. Data Synthesis: Antimalarial in vitro study showed that the dichloromethane extract was the most widely studied with an IC50 value <10 µg/mL. Among 84 isolated active compounds, 2-hydroxymethyl-non-3-ynoic acid 2-[2,2']-bithiophenyl-5- ethyl ester, a bithienyl compound from the Tagetes erecta plant show the smallest IC50 with value 0.01 and 0.02 µg/mL in Plasmodium falciparum MRC-pf-2 and MRC-pf-56, respectively. In vivo studies showed that the aqueous extract of A. conyzoides showed the best activity, with a 98.8% inhibition percentage using a 100 mg/kg dose of Plasmodium berghei (NK65 Strain). (Z)- γ-Bisabolene from Galinsoga parviflora showed very good insecticidal activity against Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles subpictus with LC50 values of 2.04 µg/mL and 4.05 µg/mL. Conclusion: A. conyzoides and other plants of Asteraceae family are promising reservoirs of natural compounds that exert antimalarial or insecticidal activity.

Allergic Reactions to E. coli Asparaginase are Associated with Decreased Asparaginase Activity in an Indonesian Pediatric Population with ALL.

PURPOSE: The asparaginase's (ASP) utility for ALL treatment is limited by neutralizing antibodies, which is problematic in countries whose access limited to alternative preparations. ASP antibody levels and activity was measured during remission induction and associated with allergy manifestations. METHODS: E. coli ASP was dosed at 7500 IU/m2. ASP IgG antibody levels were quantified at the beginning and end of induction. ASP activity was measured 24 hours after 1st and 5th dose (standard-risk) or 7th dose (high-risk patients) administration, and within 24 hours in case of allergic reactions. Allergy was monitored by CTCAE version 3. Parametric and non-parametric was performed for data analysis. RESULTS: ASP antibody and activity levels were available in 41/63 consecutive patients. Allergic manifestations occurred in 13/41, with urticaria being the most frequent. There were no significant differences in subject characteristics based on allergic reactions. The 5th dose was the most frequent time of onset. Antibody levels in allergy group at the end of induction did not differ from those at baseline (p<0.05). Using a 24-hour level of 100 mU/mL as a threshold for adequate ASP activity, 6/13 patients with allergy had adequate levels compared to 26/28 patients without (p<0.05). The ASP activity level at the end of induction phase in both groups did not show a significant decrement. CONCLUSION: The E. coli ASP activity with adequate levels were significantly higher in non-allergy group. Its activity level was not accompanied by increment of IgG in allergic group indicates other factors might affect activity levels in allergy group.

Gene Expression of Human Beta-Defensin-3 and Cathelicidin in the Skin of Leprosy Patients, Household Contacts, and Healthy Individuals from Indonesia.

Background: Leprosy, a chronic infectious peripheral neuropathy, is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium produces triacylated lipopeptides that can induce the immune system via the Toll-like receptor 2/1 (TLR 2/1) complex. Activation of TLR 2/1 produces proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including human beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) and cathelicidin. Purpose: To analyze differences in gene expression of HBD-3 and cathelicidin in the skin of leprosy patients, household contacts, and healthy individuals. Patients and Methods: An analytic observational study was conducted at the Outpatient Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology of Dr Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia, from January 2021 to June 2022. In each group of 18 subjects, 72 samples were collected, including skin lesion in leprosy patients, normal skin in leprosy patients, household contacts, and healthy individuals. A comparison of HBD-3 and cathelicidin gene expression between the four groups was analyzed using Pearson Chi Square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney Test. Results: The median value of HBD-3 gene expression on skin lesion in leprosy patients was 260.61 (0.19-3734.10); normal skin in leprosy patients was 1.91 (0.01-151.17); household contacts skin was 7.93 (0.27-121.10); and healthy individuals' skin was 1.00 (1.00-1.00) is highly significant difference (p < 0.0001). The median value of cathelicidin gene expression on skin lesion in leprosy patients was 38.72 (0.28-1852.17); normal skin in leprosy patients was 0.48 (0.01-15.83); household contacts skin was 9.8 (0.04-128.0); and healthy individual skin was 1.00 (1.00-1.00), also highly significant difference (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Gene expression of HBD-3 and cathelicidin increased in skin lesions of leprosy patients and household contacts.

Breynia cernua: Chemical Profiling of Volatile Compounds in the Stem Extract and Its Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Anticancer Activity In Vitro and In Silico.

Breynia cernua has been used as an alternative medicine for wounds, smallpox, cervical cancer, and breast cancer. This plant is a potential source of new plant-derived drugs to cure numerous diseases for its multiple therapeutic functions. An in vitro study revealed that the methanol extract of B. cernua (stem) exhibits antioxidant activity according to DPPH and SOD methods, with IC50 values of 33 and 8.13 ppm, respectively. The extract also exerts antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum bactericidal concentration of 1875 ppm. Further analysis revealed that the extract with a concentration of 1-2 ppm protects erythrocytes from the ring formation stage of Plasmodium falciparum, while the extract with a concentration of 1600 ppm induced apoptosis in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. GC-MS analysis showed 45 bioactive compounds consisting of cyclic, alkyl halide, organosulfur, and organoarsenic compounds. Virtual screening via a blind docking approach was conducted to analyze the binding affinity of each metabolite against various target proteins. The results unveiled that two compounds, namely, N-[ß-hydroxy-ß-[4-[1-adamantyl-6,8-dichloro]quinolyl]ethyl]piperidine and 1,3-phenylene, bis(3-phenylpropenoate), demonstrated the best binding score toward four tested proteins with a binding affinity varying from -8.3 to -10.8 kcal/mol. Site-specific docking analysis showed that the two compounds showed similar binding energy with native ligands. This finding indicated that the two phenolic compounds could be novel antioxidant, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, and anticancer drugs. A thorough analysis by monitoring drug likeness and pharmacokinetics revealed that almost all the identified compounds can be considered as drugs, and they have good solubility, oral bioavailability, and synthetic accessibility. Altogether, the in vitro and in silico analysis suggested that the extract of B. cernua (stem) contains various compounds that might be correlated with its bioactivities.

Effect of Resveratrol in Melinjo Seed (Gnetum gnemon L.) Extract on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and its Possible Mechanism: A Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is the third leading cause of death in Indonesia (6.7 %), followed by stroke (21.1 %) and coronary heart disease (12.9 %). The prevalence of diabetes worldwide continues to increase on a yearly basis, including in Indonesia. Diabetes is a significant burden for many countries due to the high costs of treatment and reduced productivity of diabetes patients. Comprehensive strategies to prevent and treat diabetes are therefore mandatory. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are the first-line therapy for diabetes mellitus patients; however, these oral drugs still have several side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies on medicinal plants with hypoglycemic effects to identify substances that have an anti-diabetic potential resembling physiological processes in the body. Indonesian people often use herbal medicines empirically, but the benefits have not been scientifically documented. Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a native Indonesian gymnosperm plant, and the seeds are often processed into food. Melinjo seeds extract contains many polyphenols, including trans-resveratrol. CONCLUSION: Studies on the health benefits of resveratrol are widely available, including antidiabetes and blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

A Comparison of Cathelicidin Levels in the Skin of Leprosy Patients and Their Household Contacts.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare cathelicidin levels in the skin of leprae patients and leprae contacts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This research is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. Fifty-four research subjects participated in this study. They consisted of leprae patients, household contacts, and healthy individuals. Cathelicidin levels were measured using the ELISA method. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software, and univariate and bivariate analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Cathelicidin levels in the leprae group (256.8±22.9 pg/ml) were higher than in the contact group (25.9±2.7 pg/ml). Likewise, the contact group had higher cathelicidin levels than healthy controls (1.4±0.1 pg/ml). Statistically, there were differences in cathelicidin levels between groups, P<0.050. CONCLUSION: Cathelicidin levels in leprae patients were higher than those in household contacts.

Piperine Enhances the Antimalarial Activity of Curcumin in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-Infected Mice: A Novel Approach for Malaria Prophylaxis.

Malaria is a prevalent vector-borne infectious disease in tropical regions, particularly in the absence of effective vaccines and because of the emergence resistance of Plasmodium to available antimalarial drugs. An alternative strategy for malaria eradication could be the combination of existing compounds that possess antimalarial activity to target multiple stages of the parasite. This study evaluated the antimalarial activity of a combination of curcumin and piperine in mice. A total of 42 mice were assigned to six groups depending on the treatment administered: group I (normal group) with aquadest; group II (negative control) with 0.2 ml DMSO; group III received a standard malarial drug (artesunate 5 mg/kg BW); groups IV, V, and VI with curcumin 300 mg/kg BW, curcumin 300 mg/kg BW and piperine 20 mg/kg BW, and piperine 20 mg/kg BW, respectively. The antimalarial activity was evaluated using prophylactic assays in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice, including the percentage parasitemia, clinical signs, survival rate, serum biochemical analysis, parasitic load in the liver, and liver histopathology. All treatments showed significant (p < 0.05) antiplasmodial activity, with considerable parasite inhibition (>50%), curcumin 300 mg/kg BW (60.22%), curcumin 300 mg/kg BW, and piperine 20 mg/kg BW (77.94%) except for piperine 20 mg/kg BW (47.20%), eliciting greater inhibition relative to that of artesunate (51.18%). The delayed onset of clinical symptoms and prolonged survival rate were also significant (p < 0.05) in the combination of curcumin and piperine treated group. In addition, the low parasitic load in the liver and mild histopathological changes in the liver suggest that the combination of curcumin and piperine had synergistic or additive effects. These findings demonstrate the promising use of these combined compounds as a malarial prophylactic. Further studies were recommended to assess their clinical usefulness.

Bacterial diversity significantly reduces toward the late stages among filarial lymphedema patients in the Ahanta West District of Ghana: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a neglected tropical disease, has been speculated to be complicated by secondary bacteria, yet a systematic documentation of these bacterial populations is lacking. Thus, the primary focus of this study was to profile bacteria diversity in the progression of filarial lymphedema among LF individuals with or without wounds. Methods: A cross-sectional study design recruited 132 LF individuals presenting with lymphedema with or without wounds from eight communities in the Ahanta West District in the Western Region, Ghana. Swabs from the lymphedematous limbs, ulcers, pus, and cutaneous surfaces were cultured using standard culture-based techniques. The culture isolates were subsequently profiled using Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Results: Of the 132 LF participants recruited, 65% (85) had filarial lymphedema with no wounds. In total, 84% (235) of the bacterial isolates were identified. The remaining 16% (46) could not be identified with the method employed. Additionally, 129(55%) of the strains belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, while 61 (26%) and 45 (19%) represented Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively. Generally, irrespective of the samples type (i.e., wound sample and non-wound samples), there was a sharp increase of bacteria diversity from Stages 1 to 3 and a drastic decrease in these numbers by Stage 4, followed by another surge and a gradual decline in the advanced stages of the disease. The Shannon Diversity Index and Equitability for participants with and without wounds were (3.482, 0.94) and (3.023, 0.75), respectively. Further, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Escherichia coli showed resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and penicillin. Conclusion: The present study reveals a sharp decline in bacterial load at the late stages of filarial lymphedema patients. In addition, we report an emerging antimicrobial resistance trend of S. haemolyticus and E. coli against commonly used antibiotics such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and penicillin in communities endemic for LF in the Ahanta West District, Ghana. This could pose a huge challenge to the management of the disease; particularly as current treatments are not quite effective against the infection.

Oral Administration of Piperine as Curative and Prophylaxis Reduces Parasitaemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-Infected Mice.

Malaria remains a public health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. Consequently, the discovery of novel agents, including substances from medicinal plants, is urgently needed. Piper nigrum has long been used by the community in the treatment of the symptoms of malaria. In a previous study, Piper nigrum was demonstrated to exhibit promising antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and INDO strains. The aim of this study was to further investigate the antimalarial activity (curative and prophylactic) of piperine (a major isolated constituent of Piper nigrum) in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. Piperine 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw), artesunate 5 mg/kg bw, and DMSO were administered orally for four days to different groups of Swiss Webster mice. Then, mice were monitored for parasitaemia, body weight, rectal temperature, survival rate, and clinical parameters. Piperine 40 mg/kg bw in curative and prophylactic tests had the maximum parasitaemia chemosuppression of 79.21% and 58.8% (p < 0.05), respectively, with a significant effect on the survival rate compared with control animals. In the curative test, piperine 40 mg/kg bw reduced the mean clinical score compared with the control group. Additionally, piperine showed an ability to protect organs (lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys) from some damage in a dose-dependent manner. This study can be used as a basis for further discovery of novel chemotherapeutic or chemoprophylactic compounds.

Microfilaria Positification Test Using Real-Time PCR Technique with HRM (High-Resolution Melting).

Microscopic examination results in patients with filariasis are often not identified by the presence of microfilaria, so it needs to be checked by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). One PCR method uses High-Resolution Melting (HRM). The purpose of this study was to compare qPCR-HRM with microscopic examination methods to determine the types of microfilaria found in patients with filariasis. 19 samples were examined using a microscopic method and qPCR-HRM. The results of microscopic examination found no type of microfilaria and in qPCR-HRM identified B.malayi and W.bancrofti with peak temperature melting 78.1-78.7 ℃ and 80.2-80.8 ℃. The results of the study based on the comparison of two methods show that the types of microfilaria W.bancrofti and B.malayi can be found using qPCR-HRM.

The Potential use of a Curcumin-Piperine Combination as an Antimalarial Agent: A Systematic Review.

Malaria remains a significant global health problem, but the development of effective antimalarial drugs is challenging due to the parasite's complex life cycle and lack of knowledge about the critical specific stages. Medicinal plants have been investigated as adjuvant therapy for malaria, so this systematic review summarizes 46 primary articles published until December 2020 that discuss curcumin and piperine as antimalarial agents. The selected articles discussed their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis properties, as well as their mechanism of action against Plasmodium species. Curcumin is a potent antioxidant, damages parasite DNA, and may promote an immune response against Plasmodium by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), while piperine is also a potent antioxidant that potentiates the effects of curcumin. Hence, combining these compounds is likely to have the same effect as chloroquine, that is, attenuate and restrict parasite development, thereby reducing parasitemia and increasing host survival. This systematic review presents new information regarding the development of a curcumin-piperine combination for future malaria therapy.

REPORT-Effect of topical Curcuma longa extract gel on incision wound angiogenesis in Balb/C mice.

Wound prevalence is still high, both nationally and globally, having a negative impact on patients' physical, psychological and financial wellbeing. The wound healing process involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling, with angiogenesis being one aspect of the proliferation phase. Curcuma longa has long been used for the therapeutic effects of one of its components, curcumin, which has been shown to have a positive effect on the wound healing process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Curcuma longa extract gel (Curcuma longa) administration on angiogenesis in wound healing. This study used a laboratory experimental mouse model. Twenty-five Balb/C male mice aged 8 to 10 weeks were divided into five different intervention groups (positive control, negative control, 1%, 3%, 10% Curcuma longa extract gel administration). An incision wound was made on the back of the mice and the mice were treated for 7 days. The total blood vessels in each mouse were then observed in three random visual fields under the light microscope. There was a significant mean difference (p=0.017) in the total blood vessels observed between the five groups, with significantly more blood vessels in the mice treated with 1% Curcuma longa extract gel than in the negative control group. The topical administration of 1% Curcuma longa extract gel has a positive effect on angiogenesis in a mouse model of wound healing.

Performance of Point-of-Care Testing Compared with the Standard Laboratory Diagnostic Test in the Measurement of HbA1c in Indonesian Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects.

OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at investigating if point-of-care testing for HbA1c (POCT-HbA1c) using the HemoCue® HbA1c 501 system could be an alternative method for diabetes screening and monitoring to replace the HbA1c measurement in a standard diagnostic laboratory. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study to assess the agreement between POCT and a standard laboratory measurement method for determining the level of HbA1c. Setting and Participants. In total, 108 participants were recruited to participate in this study, consisting of 61 diabetics and 47 nondiabetics. The diabetic group comprised 37 females and 24 males, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and undergoing diabetes treatment at several community health care centres in Bandung, West Java. The nondiabetic group consisted of 15 female and 32 male patients of several community health care centres and healthy volunteers. Sample Collection and Analysis. A venous blood sample was taken for routine HbA1c analysis by the diagnostic laboratory method. For the POCT-HbA1c, a blood sample was taken from the fingertip at the same time and analysed with the HemoCue® HbA1c 501 system. Outcome Measures. The HbA1c results of both methods were compared and analysed with a Bland-Altman agreement plot. The sensitivity and specificity of the POCT-HbA1c data were also compared with those of the standard diagnostic results. RESULTS: Based on the Bland-Altman plot, the HbA1c level for 100 out of 108 (92.59%) subjects analysed by the POCT-HbA1c was within the range of the 95% limit of agreement. Compared with the standard diagnostic assay, the sensitivity of the POCT-HbA1c was 97.83% and its specificity was 77.42%. CONCLUSIONS: The high sensitivity and accuracy of POCT-HbA1c indicate that it is a potential method for diabetes screening and monitoring to replace the routine diagnostic laboratory HbA1c measurement, especially when a rapid result is required.

Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. This metabolic disease is indicated by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. An inflammatory response occurs as a result of the immune response to high blood glucose levels as well as the presence of inflammatory mediators produced by adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue. This low and chronic inflammation damages the pancreatic beta cells and leads to insufficient insulin production, which results in hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. Therefore, diabetic subjects are known to more susceptible to infections. The increased prevalence of T2D will increase the incidence of infectious diseases and related comorbidities. OBJECTIVE: This review provides an overview of the immunological aspect of T2D and the possible mechanisms that result in increased infections in diabetics. CONCLUSION: A better understanding of how immune dysfunctions occur during hyperglycemia can lead to novel treatments and preventions for infectious diseases and T2D comorbidities, thus improving the outcome of infectious disease treatment in T2D patients.

Antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata (Blume) A.DC.

OBJECTIVE: One of the biggest health problems in the world, which occurs in more than 90 countries, is the spread of malaria. Cep-cepan leaves (Castanopsis costata), was empirically used as an antimalarial herb in North Sumatra. Since its use has not been scientifically studied, we investigated the antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of C. costata against Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This experimental study was conducted using 32 male Balb/C mice. PbA inoculation was performed intraperitoneally with 106 parasites/mouse. Immediately after parasitemia reach >2% (day 0), the mice were treated orally with daily artesunate (36.4 mg/kg/day) (positive control), ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day), and the fractions of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane (108 mg/kg/day each) for 5 consecutive days (from day 0 to 4). Parasitemia inhibition was observed to determine the antimalarial activity of each type of C. costata extract and fractions. RESULTS: The administration of C. costata leaves ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the growth of PbA in Balb/C mice (42.66%, 66.2 1% and 80.99 % inhibition, respectively) (p<0.05). Similarly, all C. costata fractions also produced antimalarial activity against PbA with administration of the ethyl acetate fraction presenting the highest activity (79.85 % inhibition). CONCLUSION: The C. costata leaves showed antimalarial activity against P bA. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this effect and the active compounds involved. Our current study revealed that C.costata could be a potential candidate to be used as a new antimalarial drug.