[Impact of postpartum depression on care use and work]. / Impact van postpartumdepressie op zorggebruik en arbeidsparticipatie.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the care which women with postpartum depression (PPD) in the Netherlands use for their complaints, and the impact of PPD on their general use of care for themselves and for their child, and on their participation in work. DESIGN: The data came from the control group of a prospective comparative study on the effectiveness of screening for PPD within the setting of Youth Health Care. METHOD: We obtained data by means of two online questionnaires. Three weeks postpartum, we examined the background characteristics of the mother. Twelve months postpartum, we inquired about depression since birth, care use for depressive symptoms, general care use since birth for both mother and child, and participation in work up to 12 months postpartum. To test differences, we used chi-square and student t-tests. RESULTS: Of the 1049 participating women, 99 (9.4%) indicated that they had experienced depression in the year since giving birth. Of the 99 'women with PPD', 71.0% made at least some use of care aimed at their PPD complaints. Of these women with PPD, 31.3% were diagnosed with depression, and 37.7% were actually treated. Mothers with PPD used considerably more care for themselves and their child than mothers without PPD. Absenteeism from work was significantly higher among women with PPD. CONCLUSION: The limited number of women with PPDreceiving care by and the social costs entailed by PPD justify investment in routine screening and customized care pathways for these women.

What matters for life satisfaction in the oldest-old?

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with life satisfaction in the oldest-old within a spectrum of psychosocial and health related variables. Scores on the life satisfaction index (LSI-Z) were related to scales and questions regarding, demographics, depression, locus of control, cognitive function, functional capacity (instrumental and personal activities of daily living), self-rated overall health and medically based health, and social network. The sample consisted of 315 participants, aged 80-98 years; (M = 83 years, 66% women). Regression analyses indicated that social network quality, self-rated overall health, sense of being in control of one's life, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with life satisfaction. There was no gender difference in overall life satisfaction. However, there were different patterns of variables associated with life satisfaction in men and women. Self-rated overall health and depressive symptoms were related to life satisfaction in women, whereas widowhood was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction among men. The results emphasize the need to analyse associates of life satisfaction within a broader context of psychosocial variables and separately for men and women.

[The frontal-motor interneuronal interactions in cats realizing a free choice of reinforcement]. / Frontal'no-motornye mezhneironnye vzaimodeistviia u koshek pri realizatsii svobodnogo vybora podkrepleniia.

Instrumental delayed reflexes with reinforcement of different quality were elaborated in six cats by the method of "active choice", where the time of delay of the motor reaction served as a signal of quality of the reinforcement. Individually varying ability to choose the quality of the reinforcement was used for classification of typological features of cats (self-control and impulsiveness). Multiunit activity was recorded by nichrome semimicroelectrodes from the frontal and motor cortical areas. Crosscorrelation analysis of interneuronal connections was carried out. The interneuronal frontal-motor relationships with different temporal delays (0-30; 30-60; 60-100 ms) were equally manifested in both groups of cats. We suggested that the organization of the frontal-motor relations did not characterize the individual typological features of the cats. During short-delayed reflexes in cats of both groups the identified functional connections with delays 0-30 ms were more significant. The question is discussed on the role of the frontal-motor coordination in definition of the kind of behaviour of cats to fulfil either short- or long-delayed conditioned reactions.

[Frontal-hypothalamic interaction in cats in the realization of a free choice of reinforcement]. / Frontal'no-gipotalamicheskoe vzaimodeistvie u koshek pri realizatsii svobodnogo vybora podkrepleniia.

In experiments with four cats instrumental delayed responses with a reinforcement of different quality were elaborated by the method of "active choice" the time of delay of the motor reaction serving as a signal of quality of the reinforcement. Individually varying ability to chose the quality of the reinforcement was used for classification of typological properties of cats (self-control and impulsiveness). Multiunit activity was recorded from the motor cortex and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus. Analysis of interneuronal connections was made by the cross-correlation method. Identified connections between hypothalamic and motor cortex neurons were found in 13-18% of all the possible connections. The interneuronal cortical-hypothalamic relationships were characterized by temporal delays from 0 to 100 ms. The analogy was found in distribution curves of temporal delays in all the time ranges investigated for the neurons of the hypothalamic-motor coordination in each group of cats in spite of the manifestation of preferred or alternative conditioned reactions. The number of identified connections of hypothalamus-motor cortex coordination with temporal delays up to 30 ms was significantly higher for the cats working in impulsiveness paradigm. At the same time, there were significantly more identified connections of hypothalamus-motor cortex coordination with temporal delays of 60-100 ms in cats demonstrating self-control. The question is discussed on the role of the hypothalamus-motor cortex relationships in the choice of behaviour strategy and typological characteristics of cats.

Statistical analysis of the functional connections between the neurons of the visual and motor cortex in different forms of conditioned reflex behavior.

The organization of interneuronal cortical connections was studied in experiments on cats with the development of delayed alimentary instrumental reflexes in response to light. The dynamics of the intra- and interstructural neuronal network at the level of the cortical projection (visual and motor) zones of the cat brain in three forms of behavior was revealed through a cross correlation analysis: the realization of the CR, in the intersignal period with the presence and absence of instrumental movements. The predominance of "informational" or "motivational" neuronal connections was observed depending upon the forms of the behavior.

Organization of network properties of cells in local and distributed neuronal networks of the brain of cats.

The network properties of neurons of the visual and motor cortex and of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus were investigated on the basis of identified interneuronal interactions, using the cross-correlation method of analysis, in cats with developed alimentary conditioned instrumental reflexes to light. The varied organization of the network properties of cortical neurons in the organization of local and distributed neuronal networks was demonstrated, namely: the predominance of divergent properties over convergent properties for large cells in local networks and the leveling out of these relationships in distributed networks. The neurons of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus had an equal representation of convergent and divergent properties in the organization of local and distributed networks. The network properties of neurons of the cortical and subcortical structures were manifested in the background, following the development of conditioned reflexes, and during extinction. Only the small cells of the visual cortex were functionally dependent and changed the relationship of network properties in local networks during the extinction of conditioned reflexes.

[The choice of reinforcement quality depending on the delay time of the instrumental reaction in cats]. / Vybor kachestva podkrepleniia, zavisiashchego ot vremeni zaderzhki instrumental'noi reaktsii u koshek.

In experiments on seven cats instrumental delayed reflexes with different quality reinforcement were elaborated by method of "active choice", where the time of delay of the motor reaction served as a signal of quality of the reinforcement. Five cats used a strategy with long delay high-quality reinforcement (meat), and two cats preferred short delay and low-quality reinforcement (bread-meat mixture). In special experiments with the change of alimentary motivation (24-hour alimentary deprivation and saturation of animals) it was established that the level of alimentary motivation within the studied limits did not change the strategy of behaviour preferred by the given animal. Individually varying ability to choice of reaction determining more valuable reinforcement it is possible to consider as an experimental analogue of the mechanisms of will. The question is discussed about the role of typological properties of cats in choice of behaviour strategy.

[A statistical analysis of the functional connections between the neurons of the visual and motor cortex in different forms of conditioned-reflex behavior]. / Statisticheskii analiz funktsional'nykh sviazei mezhdu neironami zritel'noi i motornoi kory pri raznykh formakh uslovnoreflektornogo povedeniia.

In experiments on cats with elaboration of delayed alimentary operant reflexes to light organization was studied of interneuronal cortical connections. By means of cross-correlation analysis the dynamics of intra- and interstructural neuronal network was revealed at the level of cortical projections (visual and motor) of cats brain zones at three forms of behaviour: CR realization, in intersignal period with the presence and absence of operant movements. Depending on the forms of behaviour, predominance of "informational" or "motivational" interneuronal connections was observed.

[The organization of the network characteristics of the cells in local and distributed neuronal networks of the cat brain]. / Organizatsiia setevykh svoistv kletok v lokal'nykh i raspredelennykh neironov setiakh golovnogo mozga koshek.

In cats with elaborated alimentary instrumental reflexes to light net characteristics of neurones of visual, motor cortex and the hypothalamus lateral nucleus were studied on the basis of revealed interneuronal interactions by means of cross-correlation method of analysis. Different organization of net properties of the cortical neurones in organization of local and distributed neuronal networks was shown, namely: predominance of the divergent characteristics over the convergent ones for cells in local networks and levelling of these relations in distributed nets. Neurones of the lateral hypothalamus nucleus had equal presentation of divergent and convergent properties in organization of local and distributed networks. Net characteristics of neurones of the cortical and subcortical structures were manifested in the background after the elaboration and the extinction of conditioned reflexes. Only small cells of the visual cortex were functionally dependent and changed correlation of net characteristics in local networks at CR extinction.

[Cortico-hypothalamic interneuronal correlation during learning in cats]. / Korkovo-gipotalamicheskaia mezhneironnaia korreliatsiia pri obuchenii u koshek.

Spatial-temporal organization of neuronal activity in the motor cortex and hypothalamus lateral nucleus (inter- and intrastructural neuronal interactions) in cats with elaborated conditioned alimentary instrumental reflexes were studied by means of recording the multineuronal activity of structures under investigation and with the use of cross-correlation method of analysis. An increase was shown of the number of cortico-hypothalamic neurones pairs acting in interconnection after elaboration of conditioned reflexes, and a decrease of their number at extinction due to interaction with temporal delays (up to 30 ms). Local (intrastructural) connections of the motor cortex and lateral hypothalamus had opposite dynamics at extinction of the conditioned reflexes: the number of the first increased and the number of the second decreased. The character of the interconnected activity of neurones pairs of interstructural interaction is discussed.

[Conformational mobility and functional activity of photosynthetic reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides]. / Konformatsionnaia podvizhnost' i funktsional'naia aktivnost' fotosinteticheskikh reaktsionnykh tsentrov iz Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.

In pigment-protein complexes of photosynthetic reaction centres (RC's), extracted from chromatophore membranes of Rps. sphaeroides with sodium dodecylsulphate, functional activity and intramolecular mobility were studied as a function of temperature and hydration by use of the technique of optical absorbance and ESR spectroscopy. Over the studied temperature range from +20 to -120 degrees C and at a relative humidity (P/Ps) from 0.9 to 0.1, there observed a close interrelationship between reversible kinetic changes of direct and backward redox-reactions of the photo-reduced endogeneous acceptor of quinone nature and the effective parameter of the correlation time of the rotational diffusion of the hydrophobic spin probe as well as of spin labels chemically bound to SH- and COOH-groups of amino acid residues of the RC's protein. The findings support the view that the conformational dynamics in the RC controls the effectiveness of the primary processes of stabilization of photochemically separated charges.

[Conformational regulation of functional activity of photosynthetic membranes of purple bacteria]. / Kanformatsionnei regulirovanie funktsional'noi aktivnosti v fotosinteticheskikh membranakh purpurnykh bakterii.

In reaction centres of photosynthetic membranes of R, rubrum the efficiency of redox interactions of the photoreduced primary electron acceptor with secondary acceptors and photooxidized bacteriochlorophyll has a marked and reversible dependence on temperature over the range from -20 degrees to -80 degrees. Similar temperature dependences were observed for correlation times of the rotational diffusion of a spin probe bound to the hydrophobic region of the membrane and of a spin label bound to SH-groups of the protein constituent of the membrane, as well as for characteristics of resonance absorption of the Mössbauer probe (57Fe), embedded in the membrane by biosynthesis. Using the same indicators of intramolecular mobility, a correlation has been observed between photoactivity and structure of the membrane in experiments involving hydratation changes of samples. The data suggest the existence of a close interrelationship between the conformational mobility of the constituents of the photosynthetic membrane and their specific reaction capacity.

[Aggregated immunoglobulins as antigen-binding receptors of immune lymphocytes]. / Agregirovannye immunoglobuliny kak antigensviazyvaiushchie retseptory immunykh limfotsitov

At the peak of the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes there appeared in the spleen of mice rosette-forming cells (RFC) effectively inactivated with antibodies against aggregated mouse immunoglobulins and with the complex of polyadenylic-polyuridylic acids (poly-A, poly-U, respectively). These cells disappeared from the spleen on the 9th day after the primary immunization and were not revealed at the peak of the secondary immune response. When small splenic lymphocytes obtained on the 5th day after the immunization with sheep erythrocytes were incubated in vitro for 24 hours the total amount of the RFC inactivated by antibodies to the aggregated mouse immunoglobulin disappeared completely. These data can be considered as an indication of the existence at the peak of the primary immune response of rosette-forming cells having the antigen-antibody complexes in the capacity of the antigen-binding receptors.