Dudas sobre la justificación del cribado universal de la infección por citomegalovirus en prematuros de menos de 1.500g / No disponible

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Resonancia magnética sin sedación en recién nacidos / Magnetic resonance imaging without sedation in neonates

INTRODUCCIÓN: La posibilidad de llevar a cabo RM sin sedación en el período neonatal aumenta la seguridad del paciente, la disponibilidad y rentabilidad de la prueba. El objetivo fue describir la experiencia de 20 meses con el nuevo protocolo de RM sin sedación, en el que la preparación del paciente se realiza en la unidad neonatal. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, de mayo del 2012 a diciembre del 2013. Los pacientes incluidos fueron neonatos con indicación de RM, estables y sin soporte ventilatorio. El procedimiento se fundamentó en la aplicación de cuidados centrados en el desarrollo y el uso de un colchón de vacío como sistema de inmovilización. La variable resultado principal fue el porcentaje de RM completadas con éxito. Desde octubre del 2012 se recogieron además la duración de la prueba y el número de interrupciones. RESULTADOS: Se llevaron a cabo 43 RM sin sedación, 41 cerebrales y 2 de columna vertebral. La tasa de éxito fue del 97,7% (42/43). La media de tiempo de RM fue 26,3min (IC del 95%, 23,3-29,3min; rango 16-50min). Se completó la prueba sin interrupciones en 20 de los 34 casos (58,8%) en los que se recogió este dato. La media de interrupciones fue 0,6 (IC del 95%, 0,3-0,8; rango 0-3) y la mediana 0. CONCLUSIONES: El protocolo tuvo una tasa de éxito superior al 90%. Por tanto, la RM sin sedación parece factible en nuestro medio, realizando gran parte de la preparación en la unidad neonatal para así disminuir la ocupación de la sala de RM

INTRODUCTION: The ability to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without sedation in the neonatal period increases patient safety, availability and profitability of the diagnostic tool. The aim in this study was to evaluate a new protocol of MRI without sedation during a 20-month period. In the protocol, the patients are prepared in the neonatal unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective descriptive study, from May 2012 to December 2013. Patients included were neonates requiring MRI, clinically stable and not requiring ventilatory support. The method was based on the application of developmental centered care and the use of a vacuum matress to immobilize the baby. The principal outcome parameter of interest was the percentage of succesfully completed MRIs. The duration of the MRI and the number of interruptions, was also studied from October 2012. RESULTS: A total of 43 MRIs without sedation were carried out on 42 patients: 41 cerebral and 2 spinal. The success rate was 97.7% (42/43). The mean MRI time was 26.3minutes (95% CI 23.3-29.3 mins; range 16-50 mins). MRIs were completed without interruption in 20 of the 34 cases (58%) in which the duration was recorded. The number of interruptions per procedure varied from 0 to 3, with a mean of 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-0.8) and a median of 0. CONCLUSION: The protocol had a success rate of over 90%. Thus MRI without sedation seems applicable in Spanish hospitals, with most of the preparation being performed in the neonatal unit, in order to reduce the occupation of the MRI unit, as well as minimizing stress to the baby

[Magnetic resonance imaging without sedation in neonates]. / Resonancia magnética sin sedación en recién nacidos.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without sedation in the neonatal period increases patient safety, availability and profitability of the diagnostic tool. The aim in this study was to evaluate a new protocol of MRI without sedation during a 20-month period. In the protocol, the patients are prepared in the neonatal unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective descriptive study, from May 2012 to December 2013. Patients included were neonates requiring MRI, clinically stable and not requiring ventilatory support. The method was based on the application of developmental centered care and the use of a vacuum matress to immobilize the baby. The principal outcome parameter of interest was the percentage of succesfully completed MRIs. The duration of the MRI and the number of interruptions, was also studied from October 2012. RESULTS: A total of 43 MRIs without sedation were carried out on 42 patients: 41 cerebral and 2 spinal. The success rate was 97.7% (42/43). The mean MRI time was 26.3 minutes (95% CI 23.3-29.3 mins; range 16-50 mins). MRIs were completed without interruption in 20 of the 34 cases (58%) in which the duration was recorded. The number of interruptions per procedure varied from 0 to 3, with a mean of 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-0.8) and a median of 0. CONCLUSION: The protocol had a success rate of over 90%. Thus MRI without sedation seems applicable in Spanish hospitals, with most of the preparation being performed in the neonatal unit, in order to reduce the occupation of the MRI unit, as well as minimizing stress to the baby.

Edades de sedestación y marcha en recién nacidos pretérmino menores de 1. 500 gr con displasia broncopulmonar / Ages of sitting up and walking in preterm newborns less than 1, 500 G with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Introducción: La incidencia de secuelas neurológicas en los recién nacidos pretérmino (RNPT) con displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) es considerablemente mayor que la de aquellos que no la presentan. Conocer la cronología de adquisición de los hitos motores puede servir para proporcionar mejor información a los padres acerca de la posible existencia de un retraso en el desarrollo. El objetivo del presente estudio es estimar la influencia que tiene la DBP sobre las edades de adquisición de la sedestación y la marcha en los RNPT<1.500g con exploración neurológica normal a los 2 años. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio longitudinal con una cohorte de 885 RNPT con peso al nacimiento inferior a 1.500g, ingresados en el Hospital 12 de Octubre entre enero de 1991 y diciembre de 2003. Las edades a las que se alcanzaban los hitos motores evaluados se establecían mediante entrevista con los padres. La comparación de medias se realizó mediante la t de Student y el test de Bonferroni. Resultados: Los pacientes con DBP alcanzaron la sedestación a los 7,8±2m vs 7,1±1,3 m en los RNPT sin DBP y la marcha a los 14,5±3,8m vs 13,4±2,5m (p<0,001). Los pacientes con DBP tenían mayor riesgo de adquirir ambos hitos motores por encima del p90 (OR=2,6 (1,6-4,1) para la sedestación y OR=2,8 (1,6-4,8) para la marcha), efecto que se mantuvo tras ajustar por edad gestacional y peso al nacimiento. Conclusión: La DBP, en el grupo de RNPT<1.500g con exploración neurológica normal a los 2 años, implica un retraso en la adquisición de la sedestación y la marcha (AU)

Introduction: Adverse neurological events in very low birth weight (VLBW) children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are more frequent than in children without. An understanding of the ages when preterm infants acquire certain motor skills will give parents more appropriate information on motor development. The objective of the present study is to estimate the influence between BPD and the age of acquisition of sitting unsupported and independent walking in VLBW children with normal neurological examination at 2 years of corrected age. Patients and methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on a cohort of 885 children with VLBW, admitted to the Hospital “12 de Octubre” between January 1991 and December 2003. Age for both skills was established by interview with parents. Means were compared with t-test and Bonferroni adjustment where appropriate. Results: Both motor skills were acquired later in the group with BPD (7.8±2m vs. 7.1±1.3m for sitting unsupported and 14.5±3.8m vs. 13.4±2.5m for walking) (P<.001). BPD was associated with delayed acquisition (above p90) of these skills, OR=2.6 (1.6-4.1) for sitting and OR=2.8 (1.6-4.8) for walking. Association was found after adjusting for gestational age (GA) and weight. Conclusión: BPD was associated with delayed acquisition of both skills in VLBW children with normal neurological examination at 2 years (AU)

[Ages of sitting up and walking in preterm newborns less than 1,500 G with bronchopulmonary dysplasia]. / Edades de sedestación y marcha en recién nacidos pretérmino menores de 1. 500 gr con displasia broncopulmonar.

INTRODUCTION: Adverse neurological events in very low birth weight (VLBW) children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are more frequent than in children without. An understanding of the ages when preterm infants acquire certain motor skills will give parents more appropriate information on motor development. The objective of the present study is to estimate the influence between BPD and the age of acquisition of sitting unsupported and independent walking in VLBW children with normal neurological examination at 2 years of corrected age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted on a cohort of 885 children with VLBW, admitted to the Hospital "12 de Octubre" between January 1991 and December 2003. Age for both skills was established by interview with parents. Means were compared with t-test and Bonferroni adjustment where appropriate. RESULTS: Both motor skills were acquired later in the group with BPD (7.8±2m vs. 7.1±1.3m for sitting unsupported and 14.5±3.8m vs. 13.4±2.5m for walking) (P<.001). BPD was associated with delayed acquisition (above p90) of these skills, OR=2.6 (1.6-4.1) for sitting and OR=2.8 (1.6-4.8) for walking. Association was found after adjusting for gestational age (GA) and weight. CONCLUSION: BPD was associated with delayed acquisition of both skills in VLBW children with normal neurological examination at 2 years.

Seguimiento de recién nacidos de peso menor o igual a 1.500g y edad gestacional menor o igual a 32 semanas durante los 2 primeros años de edad corregida: comparación de 2 periodos de tiempo / Outcome of newborn with birth weight less than or equal to 1500g and gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks, during the 2 first years of age corrected: comparison of two time periods

Introducción: El cambio en el manejo obstétrico y el avance de los cuidados perinatales ha conseguido mejorar la supervivencia de los RN prematuros, pero es fundamental conocer si esto conllevará un aumento de la discapacidad. Objetivo: Comparar en 2 periodos de tiempo las cifras de mortalidad y discapacidad a los 2 años de edad corregida, de niños con peso al nacimiento ≤1.500g y edad gestacional ≤32 semanas. Metodología: Estudio de seguimiento que incluyó 963 niños, nacidos en nuestra maternidad, entre 1991–2004 que reunían los criterios de estudio. Se ha evaluado la morbilidad neonatal, mortalidad y discapacidad a los 2 años de edad corregida en 2 periodos de tiempo 1991–1998 (periodo I) y 1999–2004 (periodo II) y analizado por subgrupos de peso (peso <1.000g y 1.000–1.500g). Resultados: La mortalidad disminuyó significativamente en el segundo periodo, tanto en los niños con peso ≤1.000g (32 vs. 44%) como en los de 1.000–1.500g (3,6 vs. 9%). Analizando en conjunto los niños ≤1.500g, se observó un aumento de los supervivientes sin discapacidad en el segundo periodo (69 vs. 60%, p=0,003); pero por subgrupos este incremento solo fue significativo en los de peso 1.000–1.500g, pasando del 67–82%. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, analizando globalmente todos los niños ≤1.500g a lo largo del tiempo se ha objetivado un aumento de la supervivencia con disminución de la discapacidad. Analizando por subgrupos de peso, la supervivencia ha aumentado en ambos grupos y sin embargo, la discapacidad ha disminuido exclusivamente en los mayores de 1.000g (AU)

Introduction: Advances in perinatal care have resulted in increased survival rates for extremely low birth weight children, but it is fundamental to know if these improved survival rates have been accompanied by increased impairment rates. Objective: To compare, over two different time periods, the survival and disability rates at 2 years of corrected age, among newborns ≤32 weeks and weighed ≤1500g at birth. Methodology: Follow-up study that included 963 children born in the hospital between 1991 and 2004 who met the study criteria. Neonatal morbidity, mortality and disability to 2 years of corrected age in 2 time periods 1991–1998 (period I) and 1999–2004 (period II) have been evaluated and analysed by subgroups of weight (weight <1000g and 1000–1500g). Results: Mortality decreased significantly during the second period, both for children with birth weight <1000g (32% vs 44%) as for those with birth weight between 1000 and 1500 g ( 3,6% vs 9%). Analysing all children ≤1500g, an increase in the survivors without disability was observed in the second period (69% vs 60%, p=0.003); but by subgroups this increase only was significant in children with birth weight 1000–1500g (67% vs 82%). Conclusions: In our study, globally analysing all children with birth weight ≤1500g, it can be seen that there has been an increase in survival without an increase in the frequency of disabilities. Analysing by weight subgroups, survival has increased in both groups, but disability has decreased only in the birth weight 1000–1500g subgroup (AU)

[Outcome of newborn with birth weight less than or equal to 1500g and gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks, during the 2 first years of age corrected: comparison of two time periods]. / Seguimiento de recién nacidos de peso menor o igual a 1.500g y edad gestacional menor o igual a 32 semanas durante los 2 primeros años de edad corregida: comparación de 2 periodos de tiempo.

INTRODUCTION: Advances in perinatal care have resulted in increased survival rates for extremely low birth weight children, but it is fundamental to know if these improved survival rates have been accompanied by increased impairment rates. OBJECTIVE: To compare, over two different time periods, the survival and disability rates at 2 years of corrected age, among newborns < or =32 weeks and weighed < or = 1500 g at birth. METHODOLOGY: Follow-up study that included 963 children born in the hospital between 1991 and 2004 who met the study criteria. Neonatal morbidity, mortality and disability to 2 years of corrected age in 2 time periods 1991-1998 (period I) and 1999-2004 (period II) have been evaluated and analysed by subgroups of weight (weight < 1000 g and 1000-1500 g). RESULTS: Mortality decreased significantly during the second period, both for children with birth weight <1000 g (32% vs 44%) as for those with birth weight between 1000 and 1500 g ( 3,6% vs 9%). Analysing all children < or = 1500 g, an increase in the survivors without disability was observed in the second period (69% vs 60%, p=0.003); but by subgroups this increase only was significant in children with birth weight 1000-1500 g (67% vs 82%). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, globally analysing all children with birth weight < or = 1500 g, it can be seen that there has been an increase in survival without an increase in the frequency of disabilities. Analysing by weight subgroups, survival has increased in both groups, but disability has decreased only in the birth weight 1000-1500 g subgroup.

Infección respiratoria por Chlamydia trachomatis en lactantes. Presentación clínica y evolución de 18 casos / Respiratory infection due to chlamydia trachomatis in infants. Clinical presentation and outcome in 18 patients

Antecedentes: Chlamydia trachomatis es un patógeno responsable, en el hombre, de epididimitis, prostatitis, etc., y en la mujer de uretritis, endocervicitis y enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, entre otras enfermedades. Durante la época pediátrica suele cursar con conjuntivitis y afectación de vías respiratorias bajas, que ocasionalmente puede requerir ingreso hospitalario. Objetivo: Llamar la atención sobre esta enfermedad que suele pasar desapercibida y que puede llegar a ser potencialmente grave. Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de lactantes menores de 6 meses con manifestaciones clínicas de infección respiratoria de vías bajas y detección del antígeno de C. trachomatis por enzimoinmunoanálisis. Resultados: Se detectaron 18 casos durante los años 1993 a 2002, precisando ingreso 17 y vigilancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) un total de cinco. La estancia media fue de 9,6 días. Tres pacientes eran inmigrantes. La edad media de aparición fue de 6,6 semanas. Presentaron: pausas de apnea 5 sujetos. En 5 lactantes había infiltrados intersticiales en la radiografía de tórax. El tratamiento definitivo en 16 de los pacientes fue eritromicina, con buena evolución en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Aunque la infección respiratoria de vías bajas por C. trachomatis suele tratarse de forma ambulatoria, en ocasiones puede llegar a requerir ingreso hospitalario e incluso estancia en la UCIP. Esta infección debería descartarse en lactantes menores de 6 meses con síntomas compatibles y en los que no se hallen otros gérmenes que justifiquen el cuadro (AU)

[Respiratory infection due to Chlamydia trachomatis in infants. Clinical presentation and outcome in 18 patients]. / Infección respiratoria por Chlamydia trachomatis en lactantes. Presentación clínica y evolución de 18 casos.

BACKGROUND: Among other diseases, Chlamydia trachomatis causes epididymitis and prostatitis in men and urethritis, cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. In children, it most usually causes conjunctivitis and is also responsible for lower respiratory tract disease, occasionally requiring hospital admission. OBJECTIVE: To draw attention to this disease, which is usually overlooked and which can be potentially serious. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants aged less than 6 months with symptoms of lower respiratory tract disease in whom C. trachomatis antigen was detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: We identified 18 patients with C. trachomatis between 1993 and 2002. Of these, 17 patients required hospital admission and five required monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit. The mean length of hospital stay was 9.6 days. Three patients were immigrants. The mean age at admission was 6.6 weeks. Apnea occurred in five infants. Chest x-ray showed interstitial infiltrates in five infants. Sixteen patients were treated with erythromycin and all made a complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Although lower respiratory tract disease caused by C. trachomatis is usually managed on an outpatient basis, it sometimes requires hospital admission or even management in the intensive care unit. Therefore, C. trachomatis infection should be ruled out in infants aged less than 6 months with clinical symptoms of lower respiratory tract disease for which no other pathogen can be found.