Effectiveness of grease interceptors in food service establishments for controlling fat, oil and grease deposition in the sewer system.

The water industry worldwide experiences numerous sewer blockages each year, partially attributed to the accumulation of fat, oil and grease (FOG). Managing this issue involves various strategies, including the requirement for installation of grease interceptors (GIs) installation. However, the claimed efficacy of commercial GIs of eliminating 99 % of FOG has been questioned for many years because FOG deposit formation occurs despite food service establishments (FSEs) using GIs, therefore detailed understanding of FOG wastewater compositions and its removal by GIs is required. This study provides an insight into the key FOG components such as FOG particle size, metals and fatty acid (FA) profile in GI influent and effluent, and within the GI, at three different FSEs. Analysis of FAs identified substantial proportions of extra-long-chain FAs in the effluents, including arachidic (C20:0), behenic (C22:0), mead (C20:3), lignoceric (C24:0), and nervonic (C24:1) acids. In contrast, the household kitchen released palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids. It was further observed that scums effectively remove the larger FOG particles, leaving only 10 % below 75.4 µm. Notably, FSEs which employed automatic dishwashers produced up to 80.4 % of particles ≤45 µm, whereas FSEs and household kitchen which used handwash sinks generated only 36.9 % and 26.3 % of particles ≤45 µm, respectively. This study demonstrated that the commercial GIs do not remove FOG entirely but clearly demonstrated that they discharge high concentrations of FOG with extra-long FFAs which were attributed to the occurrence of microbial activity and hydrolysis of triglycerides within the GI, potentially contributing to FOG deposition.

Production of H2 and CNM from biogas decomposition using biosolids-derived biochar and the application of the CNM-coated biochar for PFAS adsorption.

Anaerobic digestion is a popular unit operation in wastewater treatment to degrade organic contaminants, thereby generating biogas (methane-rich gas stream). Catalytic decomposition of the biogas could be a promising upcycling approach to produce renewable hydrogen and sequester carbon in the form of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). Biosolids are solid waste generated during the wastewater treatment process, which can be valorised to biochar via pyrolysis. This work demonstrates the use of biosolids-derived biochar compared with ilmenite as catalysts for biogas decomposition to hydrogen and CNMs. Depending on the reaction time, biosolids-derived biochar achieved a CH4 and CO2 conversion of 50-70 % and 70-90 % at 900 °C with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1.2 Lg-1h-1. The high conversion rate was attributed to the formation of amorphous carbon on the biochar surface, where the carbon deposits acted as catalysts and substrates for the further decomposition of CH4 and CO2. Morphological characterisation of biochar after biogas decomposition revealed the formation of high-quality carbon nanospheres (200-500 nm) and carbon nanofibres (10-100 nm) on its surface. XRD pattern and Raman spectroscopy also signified the presence of graphitic structures with ID/IG ratio of 1.19, a reduction from 1.33 in the pristine biochar. Finally, the produced CNM-loaded biochar was tested for PFAS adsorption from contaminated wastewater. A removal efficiency of 79 % was observed for CNM-coated biochar which was 10-60 % higher than using biochar and ilmenite alone. This work demonstrated an integrated approach for upcycling waste streams generated in wastewater treatment facilities.

Review of influence of critical operation conditions on by-product/intermediate formation during thermal destruction of PFAS in solid/biosolids.

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of synthetic organofluorine compounds. Over 4700 PFAS compounds have been produced and used in our daily life since the 1940s. PFAS have received considerable interest because of their toxicity, environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and wide existence in the environment. Various treatment methods have been developed to overcome these issues. Thermal treatment such as combustion and pyrolysis/gasification have been employed to treat PFAS contaminated solids and soils. However, short-chain PFAS and/or volatile organic fluorine is produced and emitted via exhaust gas during the thermal treatment. Combustion can achieve complete mineralisation of PFAS at large scale operation using temperatures >1000 °C. Pyrolysis has been used in treatment of biosolids and has demonstrated that it could remove PFAS completely from the generated biochar by evaporation and degradation. Although pyrolysis partially degrades PFAS to short-chain fluorine containing organics in the syngas, it could not efficiently mineralise PFAS. Combustion of PFAS containing syngas at 1000 °C can achieve complete mineralisation of PFAS. Furthermore, the by-product of mineralisation, HF, should also be monitored due to its low regulated atmospheric discharge values. Alkali scrubbing is normally required to lower the HF concentration in the exhaust gas to acceptable discharge concentrations.

Rodas de conversa entre a educação e a psicanálise / Conversation circles involving education and psychoanalysis

Os autores apresentam a experiência de um trabalho em parceria de um grupo de psicanalistas da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre (SPPA) com a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Porto Alegre (SMED) junto às instituições de educação infantil. Na atividade (Rodas de Conversa), participam os profissionais envolvidos na educação cotidiana das crianças em comunidades de alta vulnerabilidade social. Ressaltam que, a partir de uma atitude de acolhimento e continência das vivências compartilhadas, mais do que respostas/soluções às perguntas, os participantes conversam sobre as situações com vistas a encontrar alternativas possíveis e a tolerar não ter condições para resolver todos os problemas, a ouvir o que o outro tem a dizer e a aprender com a narrativa do outro. Observa-se que a autoestima dos educadores se fortalece percebendo que são capazes de avançar em sua trajetória pessoal e profissional. Finalizam trazendo questionamentos sobre o alcance do trabalho realizado, reconhecendo que segue sendo uma atividade em construção nestes nove anos.

The authors report on the experience of a series of meetings held by a group of psychoanalysts from the Psychoanalytical Society of Porto Alegre (SPPA) in collaboration with the Municipal Secretariat for Education of Porto Alegre (SMED) together with early childhood education institutions. Professionals involved on a daily basis in the education of children from communities with a high degree of social vulnerability took part in this activity (Conversation Circles). They highlight that, by embracing and containing shared experiences, rather than merely answering/solving questions, the participants discussed the situations with the aim of finding possible alternatives and accepting the inability to solve all problems, and also of listening to what the other has to say and of learning from the other's narrative. It was observed that the educators' self-esteem increased as they realized to be able to make steps forward in their personal and professional trajectory. The authors conclude by raising questions about the scope of the work carried out, while recognizing it remains as an activity in progress over the past nine years(AU)

Los autores presentan la experiencia de un trabajo conjunto de un grupo de psicoanalistas de la Sociedade Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre (SPPA) y de la Secretaría Municipal de Educación de Porto Alegre (SMED) en instituciones de educación inicial. En la actividad (Ruedas de Diálogo), participaron profesionales involucrados en la educación cotidiana de niños pertenecientes a comunidades de alta vulnerabilidad social. Resaltan los autores que, a partir de una actitud de acogida y contención de las vivencias compartidas, más que respuestas/soluciones para sus preguntas, los participantes conversaron sobre las situaciones con vistas a encontrar alternativas posibles y a tolerar no tener condiciones para solucionar todos los problemas, a escuchar lo que el otro tiene para decir y a aprender con el relato del otro. Se observó que la autoestima de los educadores se fortalece cuando perciben que son capaces de avanzar en su trayectoria personal y profesional. Esta presentación culmina con planteamientos sobre el alcance del trabajo realizado, reconociendo que sigue siendo una actividad en construcción en estos nueve años(AU)

Habitat preferences of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) species in the northern Black Hills of South Dakota.

Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are a major component of terrestrial invertebrate communities and have been used as bioindicators of habitat change and disturbance. The Black Hills of South Dakota is a small area with a high biodiversity, but the ground beetles of this region are little studied. The habitat preferences of ground beetles in the Black Hills are unknown, and baseline data must be collected if these beetles are to be used in the future as bioindicators. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were collected from pitfall traps at two sites in each of five kinds of habitats (grassland, bur oak-ironwood forests, ponderosa pine-common juniper forests, aspen-pine forests, and a spruce forest) from which habitat structure characteristics and plant abundance data also were collected. In total, 27 species of ground beetles were identified. Although some species, such as Dicaelus sculptilis Say were found in most habitats, other species showed distinct habitat preferences: Poecilus lucublandus (Say) preferred oak forests, Pasimachus elongatus LeConte preferred grasslands, and Calathus ingratus Dejean preferred high-elevation aspen-pine forests. Pterostichus adstrictus Escholtz was found only in woodlands, and Carabus taedatus Say strictly in higher elevation (over 1,500 m) aspen or coniferous woods, and may represent relict populations of boreal species. Elevation, exposure to sunlight, and cover of woody plants strongly influence the structure of carabid communities in the Black Hills.

Membrane tetraheme cytochrome c(m552) of the ammonia-oxidizing nitrosomonas europaea: a ubiquinone reductase.

Cytochrome c(m552) (cyt c(m552)) from the ammonia-oxidizing Nitrosomonas europaea is encoded by the cycB gene, which is preceded in a gene cluster by three genes encoding proteins involved in the oxidation of hydroxylamine: hao, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase; orf2, a putative membrane protein; cycA, cyt c(554). By amino acid sequence alignment of the core tetraheme domain, cyt c(m552) belongs to the NapC/TorC family of tetra- or pentaheme cytochrome c species involved in electron transport from membrane quinols to a variety of periplasmic electron shuttles leading to terminal reductases. However, cyt c(m552) is thought to reduce quinone with electrons originating from HAO. In this work, the tetrahemic 27 kDa cyt c(m552) from N. europaea was purified after extraction from membranes using Triton X-100 with subsequent exchange into n-dodecyl beta-d-maltoside. The cytochrome had a propensity to form strong SDS-resistant dimers likely mediated by a conserved GXXXG motif present in the putative transmembrane segment. Optical spectra of the ferric protein contained a broad ligand-metal charge transfer band at approximately 625 nm indicative of a high-spin heme. Mossbauer spectroscopy of the reduced (57)Fe-enriched protein revealed the presence of high-spin and low-spin hemes in a 1:3 ratio. Multimode EPR spectroscopy of the native state showed signals from an electronically interacting high-spin/low-spin pair of hemes. Upon partial reduction, a typical high-spin heme EPR signal was observed. No EPR signals were observed from the other two low-spin hemes, indicating an electronic interaction between these hemes as well. UV-vis absorption data indicate that CO (ferrous enzyme) or CN(-) (ferric or ferrous enzyme) bound to more than one and possibly all hemes. Other anionic ligands did not bind. The four ferrous hemes of the cytochrome were rapidly oxidized in the presence of oxygen. Comparative modeling, based on the crystal structure and conserved residues of the homologous NrfH protein from Desulfovibrio of cyt c(m552), predicted some structural elements, including a Met-ligated high-spin heme in a quinone-binding pocket, and likely axial ligands to all four hemes.

Inter/multidisciplinaridade no cotidiano / Everyday inter/multidisciplinarity

Através de um relato de caso, os autores mostram o atendimento prestado às crianças com transtornos psiquiátricos, hospitalizados no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), um hospital geral. A internação ocorre em uma Unidade Pediátrica, onde as crianças ficam acompanhadas de um familiar ou responsável, durante todo o período. O atendimento é realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar, coordenada pela Psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência do HCPA. É dada uma ênfase ao Programa de Apoio Pedagógico (PAP) que visa a prestar atendimento pedagógico aos pacientes em idade escolar e, dessa forma, evitar prejuízos cognitívos, sociais e emocionais que possam ocorrer durante a prolongados e/ou repetidos períodos de hospitalização. (AU)

Taking a case report as the starting point, the authors describe the standard of care delivered to hospitalized children with psychiatric disorders at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)m a general hospital. The hospitalization takes place within the pediatric ward, where children are attended by a parent.relative or other responsible caregiver the whole time. The assistance is carried out by a multi-professional team under the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service of HCPA. The authors emphasize the role of the Pedagogic Program (PAP) which aims at delivering the pedegogic support that children in school-age need in order to avoid cognitive, social and emotional impairments that might occur during prolonged and/or repetitive periods of stay. (AU)

Inter/multidisciplinaridade no cotidiano / Everyday inter/multidisciplinarity

Através de um relato de caso, os autores mostram o atendimento prestado às crianças com transtornos psiquiátricos, hospitalizados no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), um hospital geral. A internação ocorre em uma Unidade Pediátrica, onde as crianças ficam acompanhadas de um familiar ou responsável, durante todo o período. O atendimento é realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar, coordenada pela Psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência do HCPA. É dada uma ênfase ao Programa de Apoio Pedagógico (PAP) que visa a prestar atendimento pedagógico aos pacientes em idade escolar e, dessa forma, evitar prejuízos cognitívos, sociais e emocionais que possam ocorrer durante a prolongados e/ou repetidos períodos de hospitalização.

Taking a case report as the starting point, the authors describe the standard of care delivered to hospitalized children with psychiatric disorders at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)m a general hospital. The hospitalization takes place within the pediatric ward, where children are attended by a parent.relative or other responsible caregiver the whole time. The assistance is carried out by a multi-professional team under the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service of HCPA. The authors emphasize the role of the Pedagogic Program (PAP) which aims at delivering the pedegogic support that children in school-age need in order to avoid cognitive, social and emotional impairments that might occur during prolonged and/or repetitive periods of stay.

Cytochromes P460 and c'-beta; a new family of high-spin cytochromes c.

Cytochromes-P460 of Nitrosomonas europaea and Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), and the cytochrome c' of M. capsulatus, believed to be involved in binding or transformation of N-oxides, are shown to represent an evolutionarily related new family of monoheme, approximately 17kDa, cytochromes c found in the genomes of diverse Proteobacteria. All members of this family have a predicted secondary structure predominantly of beta-sheets in contrast to the predominantly alpha-helical cytochromes c' found in photoheterotrophic and denitrifying Proteobacteria.

Grupo de adolescentes com transtorno depressivo maior do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da Infância e da Adolescência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre: relato de uma experiência / Adolescent group with major depressive disorder of the child and adolescent psychosocial attention center of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre: a report of an experience

A adolescência é um período caracterizado por diversas mudanças físicas e psicológicas e também é um período que pode favorecer o desencadeamento de uma série de transtornos psiquiátricos, dentre os quais, os transtornos depressivos. Diversos tratamentos, tanto farmacológicos quanto psicote-rápicos, vêm sendo utilizados no tratamento da depressão. O objetivo desse trabalho é revisar aspectos relacionados à depressão na adolescência, bem como abordar os principais pressupostos da psicoterapia em grupo com adolescentes. Para isso, foi relatado uma vinheta clínica de um adolescente com depressão maior e foi descrito o projeto que vem sendo desenvolvido no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da Infância e Adolescência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no tratamento de adolescentes com quadros depressivos.(AU)

Grupo de adolescentes com transtorno depressivo maior do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da Infância e da Adolescência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre: relato de uma experiência / Adolescent group with major depressive disorder of the child and adolescent psychosocial attention center of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre: a report of an experience

A adolescência é um período caracterizado por diversas mudanças físicas e psicológicas e também é um período que pode favorecer o desencadeamento de uma série de transtornos psiquiátricos, dentre os quais, os transtornos depressivos. Diversos tratamentos, tanto farmacológicos quanto psicote-rápicos, vêm sendo utilizados no tratamento da depressão. O objetivo desse trabalho é revisar aspectos relacionados à depressão na adolescência, bem como abordar os principais pressupostos da psicoterapia em grupo com adolescentes. Para isso, foi relatado uma vinheta clínica de um adolescente com depressão maior e foi descrito o projeto que vem sendo desenvolvido no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da Infância e Adolescência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no tratamento de adolescentes com quadros depressivos.

Structure and sequence conservation of hao cluster genes of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: evidence for their evolutionary history.

Comparison of the organization and sequence of the hao (hydroxylamine oxidoreductase) gene clusters from the gammaproteobacterial autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (aAOB) Nitrosococcus oceani and the betaproteobacterial aAOB Nitrosospira multiformis and Nitrosomonas europaea revealed a highly conserved gene cluster encoding the following proteins: hao, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase; orf2, a putative protein; cycA, cytochrome c(554); and cycB, cytochrome c(m)(552). The deduced protein sequences of HAO, c(554), and c(m)(552) were highly similar in all aAOB despite their differences in species evolution and codon usage. Phylogenetic inference revealed a broad family of multi-c-heme proteins, including HAO, the pentaheme nitrite reductase, and tetrathionate reductase. The c-hemes of this group also have a nearly identical geometry of heme orientation, which has remained conserved during divergent evolution of function. High sequence similarity is also seen within a protein family, including cytochromes c(m)(552), NrfH/B, and NapC/NirT. It is proposed that the hydroxylamine oxidation pathway evolved from a nitrite reduction pathway involved in anaerobic respiration (denitrification) during the radiation of the Proteobacteria. Conservation of the hydroxylamine oxidation module was maintained by functional pressure, and the module expanded into two separate narrow taxa after a lateral gene transfer event between gamma- and betaproteobacterial ancestors of extant aAOB. HAO-encoding genes were also found in six non-aAOB, either singly or tandemly arranged with an orf2 gene, whereas a c(554) gene was lacking. The conservation of the hao gene cluster in general and the uniqueness of the c(554) gene in particular make it a suitable target for the design of primers and probes useful for molecular ecology approaches to detect aAOB.

Ausência paterna e sua repercussão no desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente: um relato de caso / Father absence and its influence on child and adolescent development: a case report

A ausência paterna durante o desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente é um tema complexo, com grandes possibilidades para estudo. É feita uma revisão da literatura a respeito do tema. Discute-se a influência da ausência paterna no desenvolvimento emocional, cognitivo e comportamental da criança e do adolescente. A participação da mãe nessas situações, do ambiente familiar como um todo e dos fatores sociais e econômicos como mediadores das conseqüências da ausência do pai na vida da criança são levados em consideração. Os autores apresentam o resumo de um caso clínico em que a ausência do pai é um ponto importante da vida do paciente. Ao longo do atendimento psicoterápico, foram surgindo as percepções e emoções do paciente associadas à ausência do pai.

Insight into covalent flavinylation and catalysis from redox, spectral, and kinetic analyses of the R474K mutant of the flavoprotein subunit of p-cresol methylhydroxylase.

Each flavoprotein subunit (PchF) of p-cresol methylhydroxylase (PCMH) has flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) covalently tethered to Tyr384. The PCMH structure suggests that Arg474 in PchF is required for self-catalytic covalent flavinylation and for substrate oxidation. The replacement of Arg474 with Lys was carried out to probe the subtleties of the role of Arg474 in these processes. In nearly all of the aspects examined, the mutant protein showed compromised properties relative to the wild-type protein, including the tenacity of noncovalent FAD binding to the apo-protein, the rate of covalent flavinylation, the affinity of the covalent flavoprotein for PchC (the cytochrome subunit), the k(cat) for substrate oxidation, and the affinity for substrate analogues in the formation of FAD-charge-transfer complexes (CT complexes). Nevertheless, because the mutant retains these attributes, the comparison allows for an examination of the role of this residue in the various properties of the enzyme. A correlation is proposed to exist between nu(m), the frequency for the absorbance maximum of the CT complex with a substrate analogue, and k(cat), the steady-state rate constant for oxidation of p-cresol by various forms of PCMH and PchF; both nu(m) and k(cat) can be expressed as functions of the ionization potential of the donor (I(D)) and the electron affinity of the acceptor (E(A)). This correlation is a better predictor of the rate constant for substrate oxidation than is the magnitude of the redox potential, E(m,7), of the bound FAD, which was determined for the various mutant enzyme species and compared with those of the wild type.

Cytochrome P460 of Nitrosomonas europaea. Formation of the heme-lysine cross-link in a heterologous host and mutagenic conversion to a non-cross-linked cytochrome c'.

The heme of cytochrome P460 of Nitrosomonas europaea, which is covalently crosslinked to two cysteines of the polypeptide as with all c-type cytochromes, has an additional novel covalent crosslink to lysine 70 of the polypeptide [Arciero, D.M. & Hooper, A.B. (1997) FEBS Lett.410, 457-460]. The protein can catalyze the oxidation of hydroxylamine. The gene for this protein, cyp, was expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO lacI, resulting in formation of a holo-cytochrome P460 which closely resembled native cytochrome P460 purified from N. europaea in its UV-visible spectroscopic, ligand binding and catalytic properties. Mutant versions of cytochrome P460 of N. europaea in which Lys70 70 was replaced by Arg, Ala, or Tyr, retained ligand-binding ability but lost catalytic ability and differed in optical spectra which, instead, closely resembled those of cytochromes c'. Tryptic fragments containing the c-heme joined only by two thioether linkages were observed by MALDI-TOF for the mutant cytochromes P460 K70R and K70A but not in wild-type cytochrome P460, consistent with the structural modification of the c-heme only in the wild-type cytochrome. The present observations support the hypothesized evolutionary relationship between cytochromes P460 and cytochromes c' in N. europaea and M. capsulatus[Bergmann, D.J., Zahn, J.A., & DiSpirito, A.A. (2000) Arch. Microbiol. 173, 29-34], confirm the importance of a heme-crosslink to the spectroscopic properties and catalysis and suggest that the crosslink might form auto-catalytically.

O desenvolvimento emocional do bebê - novas perspectivas e repercussöes na prática da psiquiatria / Infant emotional development: new perspectives and its consequences to the practice of psychiatry

Partindo das concepçöes de Daniel Stern sobre a experiência subjetiva que tem o bebê de sua própria vida social e sobre o desenvolvimento do sentido do self, os autores destacam os questionamentos de Stern sobre as fases do desenvolvimento correntemente aceitas pela teoria psicanalítica criticando alguns de seus postulados. Säo apontadas as características abrangentes deste tipo de pesquisa, que traz questionamentos näo somente para o psiquiatra de crianças como para o psiquiatra de adultos, levantando-se a necessidade de uma maior integraçäo entre as duas psiquiatrias, näo só a íivel teórico-clínico mas também entre seus praticantes