ABSTRACT
The larvae of Ceraeochrysa cubana and Ceraeochrysa valida, green lacewing species widely spread in Mexico, have been described as natural enemies of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), vector of the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp. causing Huanglongbing disease. To develop an effective biological control program, the establishment of the genetic structure of the biocontrol agent species is mandatory. Consequently, the goal of this work was to obtain reliable DNA barcoding regions of the two species, and then by sequence analysis of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, evaluate the genetic structure of Mexican lime populations of C. cubana and C. valida from the state of Colima. This research produced the first barcode region of C. cubana and C. valida with morphological and molecular confirmation. The genetic parameters revealed the presence of 15 and 10 haplotypes, and haplotype diversity values of 0.889 and 0.838 for C. cubana and C. valida, respectively. The populations showed high diversity and gene flow, and AMOVA analysis demonstrated no genetic structure in the two populations. Consequently, these single populations of C. cubana and C. valida could be used as unique genetic source for mass production and release in the Mexican lime-producing state of Colima to control D. citri.
Subject(s)
Insecta/genetics , Animals , Citrus/parasitology , Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics , Genetic Variation , Haplotypes , Larva , Mexico , Mitochondria/genetics , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Diferentes investigaciones han permitido conocer algunos aspectos del ciclo de vida de la mariposa Ascia monuste monuste (Linnaeus, 1764), mostrando su participación e impacto dentro del ecosistema que habita. A su vez, esta información permite generar pautas y definir posibles estrategias para establecer su potencial zootécnico dentro de un contexto viable y sostenible, debido a que actualmente existen segmentos del mercado donde una especie como esta tiene participación. En el presente trabajo, se estableció un modelo de crianza en un medio controlado (ev situ CON) y un medio natural (in situ NAT), y se evaluó el efecto de las condiciones medio ambientales (temperatura y humedad relativa) y condiciones de manejo (plantas hospederas y nutricias, predadores y sobrevivencia en diferentes estadios). Bajo el medio CON, de humedad relativa de 72% y temperatura promedio de 23 °C, los especímenes se reprodujeron, siendo estas, condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo del ciclo biólgico de la especie. En el medio NAT se observó un mayor porcentaje de mortalidad en el paso de huevo a larva (CON 42,8% vs NAT 60,7%, p < 0,05). Sin encontrar diferencias (p > 0,05) en la sobrevivencia en los estadios de larva a pupa y de pupa a adulto. El medio CON mostro una menor mortalidad en el total del ciclo de vida frente al medio NAT (33,4% vs. 51,1%), con una duración promedio del ciclo de vida en los medios CON y NAT de 26,2 y 27,2 días, respectivamente. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, la cría de A. monuste monuste es viable bajo condiciones controladas.
Several studies have shown some features about the life cycle of the butterfly Ascia monuste monuste (Linnaeus, 1764) emphasizing on its role and ecological relationships in the ecosystem which this specie inhabits. Simultaneously, valuable information from those studies have been used in order to generate guidelines and suitable strategies to define it real zootechnical potential due to the increasing demand of this kind of products from specialized markets. In the paper, an animal farming model was established in: 1. Controlled environment (ev situ CON) and 2. Natural conditions (in situ NAT), evaluated the effect of environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity - RH), culture practices (host and nutritious plants, predators and survival at different ages of the life cycle). Under ev situ CON environment (23 °C, RH: 72%), the individuals were able to reproduce and these conditions were founded as optimal for life cycle development of the specie. A higher mortality was observed in NAT environment (CON, 42.8% vs NAT, 60.7%, p < 0.05) from egg to caterpillar stage. No differences (p < 0.05) were founded in survival during the transitions from caterpillar to pupa stage, the same from pupa to adult butterfly stage. In overall, ev situ CON environment showed less mortality along the specie life than the in situ NAT conditions (33.4% vs. 51.1%). Conversely, life cycle in in situ NAT conditions was better than controlled conditions: 26.2 and 27.2 days respectively. According to results obtained in this study, it is concluded that farming of A. monuste monuste is feasible under controlled environmental conditions.
ABSTRACT
The geometries and the static dipole (hyper)polarizabilities (alpha, beta, gamma) of a series of aromatic anions were investigated at the ab initio (HF, MP2, and MP4) and density functional theory DFT (B3LYP) levels of theory. The anions chosen for the present study are the benzenethiolate (Ph-S-), benzenecarboxylate (Ph-CO2-), benzenesulfinate (Ph-SO2-), benzenesulfonate (Ph-SO3-), and 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate (1,3-Ph-(CO2)2(2-)). For benzenethiolate anion, additional alpha, beta, and gamma calculations were performed at the coupled cluster CCSD level with MP2 optimized geometries. The standard diffuse and polarized 6-31+G(d,p) basis set was employed in conjunction to the ab initio and DFT methods. Additional HF calculations were performed with the 6-311++G(3d,3p) basis set for all the anions. The correlated electric properties were evaluated numerically within the formalism of finite field. The optimized geometries were analyzed in terms of the few reports about the phenolate and sulfonate ions. The results show that electron correlation effects on the polarizabilities are very important in all the anion series. Was found that Ph-SO2- is highly polarizable in terms of alpha and beta, and the Ph-S- is the highest second hyperpolarizable in the series. The results of alpha were rationalized in terms of the analysis of the polarization of charge based in Mulliken atomic population and the structural features of the optimized geometries of anions, whereas the large differences in the beta and gamma values in the series were respectively interpreted in terms of the bond length alternation BLA and the separation of charge in the aromatic ring by effects of the substitution. These results allowed us to suggest the benzenesulfinate and benzenethiolate anions as promising candidates that should be incorporated in ionic materials for second and third-order nonlinear optical devices.
Subject(s)
Benzene Derivatives/chemistry , Models, Chemical , Quantum Theory , Anions/chemistry , Molecular StructureSubject(s)
Cerebrovascular Disorders/mortality , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Catchment Area, Health , Cuba/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
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