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1.
Immunol Lett ; 117(2): 198-202, 2008 May 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18367253

ABSTRACT

Multiple pathogenic factors may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Peripheral markers have been used to assess biochemical alterations associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) involved in its pathophysiology. The present study was conducted to evaluate inflammatory peripheral markers in elderly patients with MCI, patients with AD and normal elderly subjects. We measured plasma levels of different cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha) and platelet levels of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) from 34 patients with MCI, 45 patients with AD and 28 age-matched control subjects. MCI and AD patients showed similarities in TNF-alpha and COX-2 levels, and differences in IL-6 and INF-alpha. Whereas augmented IL-6 levels have been found in AD patients, a significant increase in INF-alpha has been detected only in patients with MCI possibly associated with the depression stage frequently found in cognitive impairment. In conclusion, inflammatory response may be an early factor in AD development and these changes in circulating markers are possibly related to the progression of MCI to AD.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/immunology , Biomarkers , Neurogenic Inflammation , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/blood , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Biomarkers/blood , Cyclooxygenase 2/blood , Disease Progression , Humans , Interferon-alpha/blood , Interleukin-6/blood , Neurogenic Inflammation/blood , Neurogenic Inflammation/immunology , Neurogenic Inflammation/psychology , Neuropsychological Tests , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
2.
Free Radic Res ; 42(2): 162-70, 2008 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18297609

ABSTRACT

There is a great interest in the relationship between Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and the progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies show the importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AD. The purpose of this study was the link between oxidative damage, MCI and AD. It analysed protein carbonyls and erythrocyte glutathione system plasma levels of 34 subjects with MCI, 45 subjects with AD and 28 age-matched control subjects. The results showed an increase in protein modification, a decrease in GSH levels and GSH/GSSG ratio in AD and MCI patients compared to age-matched control subjects (p<0.05). The present study shows that some peripheral markers of oxidative stress appear in MCI with a similar pattern to that observed in AD, which suggests that oxidative stress might represent a signal of the AD pathology. AD and MCI are biochemically equivalent. MCI does not necessarily need to progress to AD on a biochemical level.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/blood , Blood Proteins/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/blood , Glutathione/blood , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Proteins/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Disease Progression , Erythrocytes/enzymology , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Female , Glutathione Disulfide/blood , Glutathione Peroxidase/blood , Glutathione Reductase/blood , Humans , Male , Oxidation-Reduction , Spain
3.
Food Chem ; 110(2): 436-45, 2008 Sep 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26049237

ABSTRACT

The invitro scavenger activities of different reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid and peroxyl radical), the effects on lipid peroxidation and the iron-chelating ability of a Spirulinaplatensis protean extract and the biliprotein, phycocyanin, isolated from this microalga were studied. S. platensis protean extract inhibited the generation of hydroxyl radical (IC50=537µg/ml for the system with EDTA and 1500µg/ml without EDTA), the production of peroxyl radical (IC50=230µg/ml), and the lipid peroxidation process (IC50=2320µg/ml for the enzymatic system and 2180µg/ml for the non-enzymatic system). Besides, phycocyanin inhibited hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and the lipid peroxidation process. The iron ions decreased the maximum fluorescence emission spectra of S. platensis protean extract and phycocyanin and it was an indicator of the metal-chelating activity. The antioxidant properties of S. platensis and phycocyanin may arise from both radical-scavenging and metal chelation. Our results suggest that S. platensis could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent some diseases where free radicals are involved.

4.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) ; 51(2): 158-61, 2003 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12576648

ABSTRACT

1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the quantitative analysis of the bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, and C in Ginkgo biloba leaves and six kinds of commercial Ginkgo products without any chromatographic purification. The experiment was performed by the analysis of each singlet H-12, which were well separated in the range of delta 6.0-7.0 in the (1)H-NMR spectrum. However, the H-12 protons of bilobalide and ginkgolides may have overlapped with H-6 or H-8 protons of the Ginkgo flavonoids. Therefore, the optimum (1)H-NMR solvent for the analysis of the compound was selected through the evaluation of solvent effects on the resolution of these signals from the compounds. Acetone-d(6)-benzene-d(6) (50 : 50) was found to be the best one among the solvents evaluated. The quantity of the compounds was calculated by the relative ratio of the intensity of each compound to the known amount of internal standard (25 microgram), phloroglucinol. This method allows rapid and simple quantitation of underivatized bilobalide and ginkgolides in 5 min without any pre-purification steps.


Subject(s)
Cyclopentanes/analysis , Diterpenes , Furans/analysis , Ginkgo biloba , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Cyclopentanes/chemistry , Cyclopentanes/isolation & purification , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Furans/chemistry , Furans/isolation & purification , Ginkgolides , Lactones/analysis , Lactones/chemistry , Lactones/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/analysis , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves , Protons
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