ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recent studies in a number of surgical subspecialties have demonstrated that financial relationships with industry differ between men and women. This study aimed to determine if gender disparities exist in industry relationships with orthopaedic surgeons. METHODS: This retrospective study utilized publicly available data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) at OpenPayments.cms.gov. Data were extracted for payments made to orthopaedic surgeons from industry for royalties, licensing, or consulting fees from 2016 to 2017. A physician's profile was used to determine name, gender, practice location, and subspecialty. Years of experience were recorded from publicly available websites. Total number of payments and amounts were compared among men and women, subspecialties, and locations. Multivariable linear regression models were used to determine predictors of total payments and number of payments. RESULTS: Royalties and consulting fees were paid to 3,418 individual physicians (11% of 29,996 physicians in the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons [AAOS] census) and accounted for 88% of total payments. The majority of the total payment amount (99.6%) was made to men, while only 0.4% went to women. Male gender was a predictor of total number of payments (ß = 5.17, p < 0.001), as were years of experience (ß = 0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10 to 0.20], p < 0.001), Mountain region (ß = 2.77 [95% CI: 0.37 to 5.17], p = 0.02), and adult reconstructive subspecialty (ß = 4.07 [95% CI: 1.89 to 6.25], p < 0.001). Years of experience (ß = 0.046 [95% CI: 0.039 to 0.052], p < 0.001), male gender (ß = 1.09 [95% CI: 0.67 to 1.51], p < 0.001), Mountain region (ß = 0.35 [95% CI: 0.020 to 0.68], p = 0.04), and adult reconstructive subspecialty (ß = 0.33 [95% CI: 0.030 to 0.63], p = 0.03) were associated with higher payments. CONCLUSIONS: Male gender, years of experience, Mountain region, and adult reconstructive subspecialty are independent predictors of a higher number of industry payments and payment amount. These disparities in industry payments may contribute to continued inequities in scholarship, academic rank, and leadership opportunities.
