Tomographic Imaging and Localization of Nanoparticles in Tissue Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy.

A fundamental question crucial to surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) imaging and implementing it in a clinical setting for in vivo diagnostic purposes is whether a SESORS image can be used to determine the exact location of an object within tissue? To address this question, multiple experimental factors pertaining to the optical setup in imaging experiments using an in-house-built point-collection-based spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) system were investigated to determine those critical to the three-dimensional (3D) positioning capability of SESORS. Here, we report the effects of the spatial offset magnitude and geometry on locating nanoparticles (NPs) mixed with silica powder as an imaging target through tissue and outline experimental techniques to allow for the correct interpretation of SESORS images to ascertain the correct location of NPs in the two-dimensional x, y-imaging plane at depth. More specifically, the effect of "linear offset-induced image drag" is presented, which refers to a spatial distortion in SESORS images caused by the magnitude and direction of the linear offset and highlight the need for an annular SORS collection geometry during imaging to neutralize these asymmetric effects. Additionally, building on these principles, the concept of "ratiometric SESORS imaging" is introduced for the location of buried inclusions in three dimensions. Together these principles are vital in developing a methodology for the location of surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active inclusions in three dimensions. This approach utilizes the relationship between the magnitude of the spatial offset, the probed depth, and ratiometric analysis of the NP and tissue Raman intensities to ultimately image and spatially discriminate between two distinct NP flavors buried at different depths within a 3D model for the first time. This research demonstrates how to accurately identify multiple objects at depth in tissue and their location using SESORS which addresses a key capability in moving SESORS closer to use in biomedical applications.

Depth prediction of nanotags in tissue using surface enhanced spatially offset Raman scattering (SESORS).

A model for the prediction of the depth of two 'flavours' of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active nanotags embedded within porcine tissue is demonstrated using ratiometric analysis. Using a handheld spatially offset Raman (SORS) instrument, SESORS signals could be detected from nanotags at depths down to 48 mm for the first time using a backscattering SORS geometry.

Correction: Surface enhanced Raman scattering for the multiplexed detection of pathogenic microorganisms: towards point-of-use applications.

Correction for 'Surface enhanced Raman scattering for the multiplexed detection of pathogenic microorganisms: towards point-of-use applications' by Matthew E. Berry et al., Analyst, 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D1AN00865J.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering for the multiplexed detection of pathogenic microorganisms: towards point-of-use applications.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a technique that demonstrates a number of advantages for the rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, an overview of label-free and label-based SERS approaches, including microfluidics, nucleic acid detection and immunoassays, for the multiplexed detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses from the last decade will be discussed, as well as their transition into promising point-of-use detection technologies in industrial and medical settings.

Elbow disorders and injuries.

The elbow is a complex joint that supports forearm movement and consequently is at risk for various injuries and disorders. Elbow disorders can range from chronic to acute problems, many of which can be debilitating. This article explains the functional anatomy of the elbow joint and discusses the most common elbow disorders and injuries. It also presents the most common diagnostic imaging choices, along with typical acquisition methods.

Trauma CT and the abdominopelvic scan.

Trauma is a daily occurrence throughout the world. Because of the extensiveness of injuries related to the abdominopelvic area, diagnosing these injuries in trauma patients requires both speed and stabilization of the patient. In response to these needs, computed tomography (CT) imaging is the gold standard. With the increase in trauma CT scans, CT technologists should understand the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis, along with possible traumatic findings. This article discusses the role of the CT technologist as well as scanning techniques. Sectional anatomy is viewed and possible traumatic findings are explained. Special circumstances also are discussed to benefit the CT technologist and encourage a positive outlook in trauma care.

Adrenal gland disorders.

Medical imaging of the adrenal glands is an important aspect of the diagnosis of any adrenal gland disorder. This article discusses the normal anatomy and functions of the adrenal glands, as well as specific adrenal gland disorders and how they are diagnosed and treated. Radiologic technologists need to understand the causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of disorders that prevent the adrenal glands from functioning properly.