[Nutritive physiological effects of dietary fats in rations of growing swine. 6. Effect of soya oil and lard on growth performance and carcass characteristics and various blood parameters in fattening swine]. / Untersuchungen über ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen von Futterfetten in Rationen für wachsende Schweine. 6. Mitteilung. Einfluss von Sojaöl und Schweineschmalz auf die Mast- und Schlachtleistung sowie auf einige Blutparameter bei Mastschweinen.

Groups of each 10 boars, weight range 20-60 kg, were fed ad libitum the following 4 rations of similar protein: energy ratio: Ration I (control), Ration II (+ 2% soyaoil ), Ration III (+ 2% soyaoil + 5% lard), Ration IV (+ 7% lard). When the animals reached 60 kg body weight each group was halved. One half had free access to the above rations, while the other half were fed ad libitum on the control ration. At body weights of 50 and 100 kg the concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose and cholesterol were measured, in addition the fatty acid composition of the backfat. At the end of the experiment (100 kg) the content of fat in the carcass was calculated by determining the specific gravidity of the carcass. There was little difference in the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) of the different groups of animals at both body weight ranges as a result of the reduction in feed intake of the fat supplemented diets on account of the higher ME-content. There were little differences in the glucose and urea concentrations in the blood of the animals fed the different rations. The highest cholesterol and the lowest insulin levels were measured in groups III and IV, when 5 and 7% lard was added, respectively. The animals, continuously fed Rations III and IV over the whole period of experiment, had a significantly higher fat content (p less than 0,05) than the control animals. There was a very marked influence of the fatty acid intake on the fatty acid pattern of the backfat. Following the change of feed to the control ration at 60 kg body weight, the linoleic acid content of the animals in Groups III and IV was significantly reduced (p less than 0,001) from 15.7 to 11.2%. However this was higher than the 7.3% linoleic acid measured on the animals continuously fed the control ration.

[Nutrition physiology effects of dietary fats in rations for growing pigs. 5. Effects of soy bean oil and lard on protein retention in piglets]. / Untersuchungen über ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen von Futterfetten in Rationen für wachsende Schweine. 5. Mitteilung. Einfluss von Sojaöl und Schweineschmalz auf den Proteinansatz bei Ferkeln.

In two experiments with 30 and 26 castrated male pigs of the German Landrace breed, weight range 15-30 kg, the influence of isoenergetic changes in the carbohydrate and fat fractions of the diet were examined. The effect of the addition of soya oil (SO) and lard (LA) to the diet on the utilization of protein and on the blood urea concentration was also examined. The apparent digestibilities of the crude nutrients and energy were determined using different methods. The following were examined: experiment I: ration I (control), ration II (+7% SO), ration III (+7% LA) experiment II: ration I (control), ration II (+2% SO), ration III (+2% SO + 5% LA), ration IV (+7% LA) In all experiments the animals were fed a similar amount of digestible crude protein of constant quality at constant ME-intake. In both experiments the apparent digestibility of crude protein in the groups with 7% added fat was 4% higher (p less than 0,05) than in the corresponding control groups. The apparent digestibility of crude fat in experiment I and II (in groups II and III and in groups III and IV, respectively) was approximately 87%, when calculated on the basis of faecal fat which was determined by a simple ether extract procedure. When the faeces was treated with HCl before determination, these values for experiment I and II were approximately 6% (p less than 0,001) and 1% (NS) lower, respectively. In both experiments the utilization of protein and the blood urea concentration were not significantly influenced by the amount or form of fat included in the rations.

[Nutritional-physiological effects of dietary fats in rations for growing pigs. 4. Effects of sunflower oil and coconut oil on protein and fat retention, fatty acid pattern of back fat and blood parameters in piglets]. / Untersuchungen über ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen von Futterfetten in Rationen für wachsende Schweine. 4. Mitteilung. Einfluss von Sonnenblumenöl und Kokosfett auf den Protein- und Fettan-satz, das Fettsäurenmuster des Rückenspecks sowie auf einige Blutparameter bei Ferkeln.

Rations containing 12% sunflower oil (Ration II) and 12% coconut fat (Ration III) were compared with a control ration (Ration I) in a 34 day experiment with growing boars of the German Landrace breed (12-30 kg body weight). The relationships between DP and ME were held constant for all 3 rations, and because of the higher ME contents of the two fat rations, this was achieved by reducing the feed intake, relative to that of the control ration. Parameters measured were growth, composition at slaughter, the apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients and energy, the N-balance and the concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol in the blood. In comparison to Ration I, the apparent digestibilities of crude protein in Rations II and III were 5 and 4% (p less than 0,05) higher, respectively. There was little difference in the apparent digestibility of crude fat between the Rations II and III. However, large differences in the values were determined depending upon method of extraction. There were little differences in the productive performance of the animals fed the fat diets. The control animals had, however, a 13% lower growth rate (p less than 0,05) when compared at similar ME-intakes. As the energy concentration and the growth rate were higher in groups II and III, the feed conversion efficiency and the ME required per kg growth were approximately 30 and 13% lower than that of the control animals. The efficiency of protein utilization of the animals in group III was 4% higher (p greater than 0.05) and the blood urea concentration 20% lower (p less than 0.05) than that in group II. The values for the control animals were intermediate. A similar result was obtained concerning the fat content of the animals. The fat content of the animals in group III was 15.9% and this was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of 21.1% measured in group II. That of the control animals, 18.6%, was not significantly different from the above values. The differences in feeding over the relatively short period of 34 days lead to marked differences in the fatty acid pattern of the backfat. The contents of myristic acid and linoleic acid were significantly different between group II and III; for the former values of 0.8% and 16.9% were determined, respectively, with corresponding values of 48.7 and 11.3% for the latter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Nutritive physiological effect of dietary fats in growing swine rations. 3. Effect of sunflower and coconut kernels on protein and fat retention, backfat fatty acid pattern and various blood parameters in piglets]. / Untersuchungen über ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen von Futterfetten in Rationen für wachsende Schweine. 3. Mitteilung. Einfluss von Sonnenblumen- und Kokoskernen auf den Protein- und Fettansatz, das Fettsäurenmuster des Rückenspecks sowie auf einige Blutparameter bei Ferkeln.

Two groups, each of 9 castrated male piglets of the German Landrace breed, body weight 13-29 kg, were fed ad libitum for a 5 week period in order to determine the influence of the fatty acid composition of the dietary fat on protein and fat retention. The concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose, free glycerol and triglycerides were also determined. That fat in ration I (derived from 27% sunflower seed) contained 50% linoleic acid while that of ration II (derived from 12,5% coconut kernels) had a maximum lauric acid content of 41,8%. The relationship between digestible crude protein and ME-content was calculated to be similar in both rations. In addition protein quality was calculated to be similar in both rations. Protein deposition was determined from both nitrogen and comparative slaughter procedures. The results can be summarized as follows: The animals fed ration I had a higher daily ME-intake and growth rate than those fed ration II, although no great difference was observed in ME required per kg body weight gain. The efficiency of protein utilization was significantly better in group I and this was associated with a lower blood urea concentration. The concentrations of insulin and glucose in the blood, measured before as well as 20, 45, 60 and 120 minutes following feeding, showed little differences between the groups. The triglyceride concentration measured before and 1 and 5 hours following feeding was significantly higher (p less than 0,01) in group II. There was no significant difference in the protein and fat content of the body as well as in the daily protein and fat deposition. The fatty acid composition of the back fat was significantly influenced by the fatty acid pattern of the dietary fat. In group I the linoleic acid content was 3,6 times higher and the lauric- and myristic acid content 11,7 times lower compared to that of group II.

[Nutritive physiological effect of dietary fats in rations for growing swine. 2. Effect of an isocaloric exchange of carbohydrate energy versus fat energy in piglets on growth and various metabolic parameters in the subsequent fattening period]. / Untersuchungen über Ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen von Futterfetten in Rationen für wachsende Schweine. 2. Mitteilung. Einfluss eines isokalorischen Austausches von Kohlenhydratenergie gegen Fettenergie im Ferkelstadium auf das Wachstum und einige Stoffwechsel-parameter in der anschliessenden Mastperiode.

The influence of different feeding regimes of piglets on fattening performance and blood composition of the subsequent fattening period (30-100 kg) was examined. Three groups of pigs fed on an isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis with rations containing either 5% fat (groups I), 18% fat (group II) or 35% fat (group III) until body weight of 30 kg, were fed ad libitum one diet from 30 kg onwards. At a body weight of 45 and 93 kg the blood concentrations of insulin, glucose, urea, free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol in response to feeding and of insulin and glucose in response to an oral glucose load was determined in pigs provided with a permanent jugular vein catheter. Moreover, the in-vitro fat synthesis from glucose was measured. At the end of the experiment the body composition was determined by chemical analysis of the carcass. Neither feed intake, daily body weight gain nor feed conversion differed significantly among the groups. Blood urea levels of the three groups did not suggest a different protein utilization. Neither feed consumption nor oral intake of glucose affected the insulin and glucose response of the three groups differently. The concentrations of free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol did not differ clearly among the groups although occasionally significance of difference was observed. In group I the in-vitro synthesis of fat was increased (p less than 0.05) at a body weight of 45 kg and appeared to be higher at a body weight of 93 kg as compared to the high fat group (group III). No clear differences between the groups were observed in the chemical composition of the carcasses. It is concluded, that isocaloric replacement of carbohydrates by fat in the diet of piglets does not affect protein and fat retention in the subsequent fattening period.

[Nutritional physiology effect of dietary fats in the diet of growing pigs. 1. Effect of an isocaloric exchange of carbohydrate energy compared with fat energy on protein retention, in vitro synthesis of fat from glucose and on several blood parameters in piglets]. / Untersuchungen über ernährungsphysiologische Wirkungen von Futterfetten in Rationen für wachsende Schweine. 1. Mitteilung. Einfluss eines isokalorischen Austausches von Kohlenhydratenenergie gegen Fettenergie auf den Proteinansatz, die in-vitro-Fettsynthese aus Glukose sowie auf einige Blutparameter bei Ferkeln.

Three groups of male, castrated piglets of the German Landrace breed, weight range 3-30 kg, were used to study the relation between fattening performance and blood parameters when feeding rations containing different amounts of fat. The fat content of the rations was either 5% (group I), 18% (group II) or 35% (group III). Concomitantly with the increased metabolizable energy (ME) content of the ration the content of digestible protein (DP) was increased and the amount of feed reduced in order to guarantee an equal intake of ME and DP in all three groups. The digestibility of the crude nutrients and protein retention of the subjects were determined in nine subsequent trials each lasting 7 days. At a body weight of 27 kg the blood concentrations of insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol were determined at different times after feeding. In addition, an oral glucose tolerance test was made and the in-vitro synthesis of fat from glucose was measured. The apparent digestibility of fat amounted, unexpectedly, to approximately 94% on the high rat rations II and III. In all groups a significant positive relation between body weight and digestibility of the fat was determined. Despite equal daily intakes of ME in all groups, in group III daily weight gain and protein retention were 7% (p less than 0.01) and 4% (p less than 0.01) higher than in group I, respectively. Blood urea levels of group III were 67% (p less than 0.01) lower than in group I. The mean daily nitrogen retention of the three groups rose gradually from 4 g at a body weight of 5 kg to 16-17 g at a body weight of 25 kg. The feed conversion of group I was lower by 22 and 36% as compared to groups II and III, respectively. Highly significant differences were observed among either groups (p less than 0.01). It has been calculated that in group III the consumption of ME/kg weight gain was about 8% (p less than 0.05) lower than in the two other groups. According to the increased fat percentage of the rations, body protein content diminished from 17,1% in group I to 16,5 and 16% in groups II and III, respectively. Only the difference between groups I and III proved to be significant (p less than 0.05). In group I feed intake resulted in an increase in the insulin level by 55% (p less than 0.05) whereas glucose did not change significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The influence of protein:energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Energy metabolism.

1. The heat losses and energy and nitrogen balances of thirty-six individually-housed, entire male pigs (initial body-weight 18-30 kg) were measured over 7 d periods, when they were fed on rations containing 153, 201 and 258 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). The rations also contained 16.29, 16.96 and 17.24 mJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM so that the CP:ME values were 9.4, 11.8 and 15.0 g CP/MJ ME respectively. Each ration was given at three levels, 20, 35 and 50 g feed/kg body weight per d, thus giving nine dietary treatments. The experiments were carried out at an environmental temperature of 22 (+/- 1) degree. 2. Heat loss (H) increased significantly (P less than 0.01) with increase in ME intake. The rate of increase in H was not, however, influenced by the protein content of the ration. Thus, energy retention (ER) at any given level of ME intake was independent of the ration offered. From the relationship between ER and ME, estimates of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and the partial efficiency of energy utilization (k) were determined. MEm varied within the range 494-568 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 pe d, while k varied from 0.70 to 0.76. 3. Both energy and protein intakes had a significant influence upon the rates of protein (P) and fat (F) deposition, and hence body-weight gain. At any given level of feed intake P was higher and F lower the higher the protein content of the ration. However, when compared at similar levels of protein intake, both P and F were reduced the higher the protein control of the ration. 4. From the multiple regression equations relating P and F to ME, individual estimates of MEm and the energetic efficiencies of protein (kP) and fat (kF) depositions were determined. Using an overall mean kF value of 0.86, it was calculated that MEm ranged from 462 to 525 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 per d while kP varied from 0.48 to 0.55. The significance of these estimates of kP are discussed in the light of their derivations and in relation to theoretical values.

Influence of zinc status on postprandial plasma zinc changes in pigs.

In growing castrated pigs changes in the postprandial plasma zinc values were found to be inversely related to the zinc status of the animals. In pigs prefed with a moderate zinc diet (25 ppm) postprandial plasma zinc values increased, whereas in pigs prefed with a high zinc diet (150 ppm) values decreased after intake of a meal containing 150 ppm of zinc. It is considered that the presence of metallothioneine in the liver, which depends upon the zinc status, is responsible for this effect.

Postprandial plasma zinc changes in pigs.

In growing male pigs fitted with jugular catheters, changes in plasma zinc concentrations were followed up to 330 min postprandially. In pigs with normal fasting zinc values (greater than 70 micrograms/100 ml) plasma levels decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) up to 35% below, whereas in pigs with lowered fasting values plasma level increased up to 36% above the respective fasting values within 120 and 180 min after feed intake. The amount of feed administered was without effect on the postprandial decline. No dose-response relationship between the intake of graded amounts of zinc in the inorganic (ZnSO4) or naturally bound form (barley) and changes in plasma zinc level was found.

[Effect of maize-soya rations of various amino acid levels on utilization and endogenous loss of protein in piglets]. / Proteinverwertung und Proteingrundumsatz bei Verfütterung von Mais-Soja-Rationen unterschiedlicher Aminosäurenzusammensetzung an Ferkel.

The influence of different maize-soya rations of varying amino acid composition and at several levels of intake on the utilization and endogenous losses of protein in piglets.