[New technologies for evaluation of health status of apparently healthy people].

The article considers the questions of development of new technologies for evaluation of health of apparently healthy people based on experience of long-term researches of cosmonauts' performed at Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems under the direction of academician A. I. Grigoriev. In 2007 in monograph "Concept of Health and Space Medicine" the principle of health estimation in apparently healthy people working in conditions of chronic stress was described. These approaches were realized the same year to produce a new hard and software "Ecosan-2007". In the following 2008 the device has been tested for inspection of bus drivers and pilots of civil aircraft and since 2009 it has been used in the international project "Mars-500". All these developments and researches were supported by the Fundamental Sciences-to-Medicine Program maintained by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences under guidance of academician A. I. Grigoriev. In the project 'Mars-500" in the "artificial confinement", simulating the interplanetary ship, 6 members of the international "Martian crew" were medically and psycho physiologically surveyed. Among set of various devices the "Ecosan-2007" was also used. With application of the same device, not less that 125 volunteers were examined, who lived usual life in natural and socially-industrial conditions. The investigation was simultaneously conducted in 12 various regions of the world. These long-term medico-ecological researches allowed to receive important experimental substantiations for preclinical approach to state of health estimation. In the frame of these researches the methodology of remote monitoring of adverse ecological factor effects on health initiated telemedical ecology, a new applied discipline. The article concludes with discussion of the issues of health conception and new preclinical diagnostic technologies adapting by the public health services.

[The problem of estimation of the organism adaptable opportunities under stressful influences].

The human organism testing in conditions of modern scientific and technical progress constant stressful influences (industrial, social, psycho-emotional) was carried out for continuous adaptation to the environment: changing of the level of functioning of separate systems and a corresponding tension of regulatory mechanisms occurred. In the article, theoretical bases and methodology of studying the adaptable capacities of the organism are considered. The prenosological diagnostics was used for studying functional conditions on the verge of norm and pathology. The heart rate variability analysis was used based on mathematical model of functional conditions. Concrete technologies and results of evaluation of the adaptation capacities of the organism in space and aviation medicine are presented as well as in applied physiology.

[Effect of strength-building training on manifestation of pressor reflex from working muscles receptors].

Ten young normal volunteers and 8 armrestlers worked with forearm muscles till refusal at 30% of maximal arbitrary force. Work was either static or rhythmic with alternation of 20-s period of contraction and relaxation and followed by post-work arterial occlusion of the forearm muscles (PWAO). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and muscular vessels-related sympathetic activity (MRSA) were measured continuously. MRSA was registered in n. peroneus using the microneurographic technique. Static work and subsequent PWAO produced different BP and MRSA neither in sportsmen nor amateurs. On the contrary, rhythmic work followed by PWAO suppressed the muscle pressor reflex in sportsmen significantly. The authors consider possible origination of the effect by change in energy supply to working muscles, enhanced extraction of metabolites, and sensory decrement of sportsmen's muscular receptors.

[Indices of electrocardiogram dispersion mapping during 5-day exposure in dry immersion].

The article presents the results of ECG dispersion mapping in the investigation of 13 young healthy people during 5-d dry immersion (DI). This was the first study of 24-hour variations in dispersion of ECG microoscillations. For this purpose, 20-30 min fragments were "cut out" of every hour of Holter monitoring records to analyze their means after averaging over every 4 hours. Heart rate (HR) and QRS-amplitude were analyzed simultaneously. Index of metabolic adaptation (HR(max/MiO(max)) was calculated. Based on the results, alterations in ECG signal became distinct on DI day-3. They started with a considerable rise of the main ECG amplitudes, especially at night (10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.). The myocardium index makes a significant rise in the period from 10.00 p.m. till 2.00 a.m. However, this index reached its maximum values on DI day-5 in the time intervals from 3.00 till 6.00 p.m. and from 10 p.m. till 10.00 a.m. On DI day-5, of particular interest was a marked HR growth from 10.00 p.m. till 02.00 a.m., and in the post-sleep hours (07.00-10.00 a.m.). Consequently, all this looks like a series engagement of first electrical and then energy metabolism processes in the myocardium reaction to DI. Finally, the increased pulse rate suggests an integral nature of the cardiovascular reaction. This picture of alterations provides grounds for hypothesizing energy metabolism genesis of these reactions.

[Prenosological approach to assessing morbidity and mortality].

The paper deals with the morbidity- and mortality-associated problem arising from the processes occurring in the transition period of development of new Russia. It points to the leading role of health care service in this process. The authors show the real health status of the working population, the actual state of affairs with the rendering primary medical care at industrial institutions. Measures are proposed to apply specific science-based health-promoting technologies adopted from Russian space medicine and called prenosological monitoring.

[Ergoreflex: the essence and mechanisms].

Physical loading raises the sympathetic nervous activity which results in increased minute volume, constriction of peripheral vessels, and elevated blood pressure. These reactions are an outcome of two mechanisms: 1) the central command from cerebral structures that trigger voluntary movements to activate the vasomotor center and 2) the reflexes initiated by mechanic and metabolic changes in a working muscle. The second mechanism of the sympathetic system activation was termed ergoreflex. Ergoreflex controls hemodynamics primarily through activation of mechanosensitive afferents to first of all inhibit the tonic vagal effects on the heart manifested by a leap of heart rate during loading. Activation of chemosensitive afferents comes with some delay in pace with metabolites accumulation in muscles and leads to growth of the efferent sympathetic activity and rise of blood pressure. The metabolic reflex effect is particularly high in the event of muscle fatigue. This review deals with the mechanisms underlying the ergoreflex and their adaptation to hypodynamia, physical loading, and also some pathologies.

[Dry immersion effects on the mechanisms of metabolic-reflex regulation of hemodynamics during muscular work].

Effects of 4-d dry immersion on metabolic-reflex regulation of hemodynamics were evaluated during local static work (30% of maximum voluntary effort) of the talocrural extensors. One group of immersed test-subjects received low-frequency electrostimulation of leg muscles to offset the immersion effect on EMG of working muscles. Metabolic-reflex regulation was evaluated through comparison of cardiovascular responses to physical tests with and w/o post-exercise vascular occlusion. Immersion vaguely increased heart rate and reduced systolic arterial pressure in resting subjects; however, it did not have a distinct effect on arterial pressure and HR during muscular work or metabolic-reflex potentiation of hemodynamic shifts.