ABSTRACT
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which accounts for 10% of all strokes, leads to higher morbidity and mortality compared with other stroke subtypes. Hypertension has been recognized as a major risk factor for ICH. Current antihypertensive options have not been fully effective for either prevention of ICH or ameliorating its complications. Therefore, attempts should be made to use novel antihypertensive medications for more effective management of blood pressure (BP) in the acute phase of ICH. Imidazoline receptor (IR) agonists can potentially be effective agents for BP control with the adjunctive ability to attenuate post-ICH brain injury. IR agonists render neuroprotective effects including inhibition of inflammatory reactions, apoptotic cell death, excitotoxicity, and brain edema. Given these properties, the present review aims to focus on the application of IR agonists for managing BP in ICH patients.
Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cerebral Hemorrhage , Hypertension , Imidazoline Receptors/agonists , Animals , Cerebral Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Cerebral Hemorrhage/metabolism , Cerebral Hemorrhage/pathology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/physiopathology , Humans , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypertension/metabolism , Hypertension/parasitology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Imidazoline Receptors/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The neuroprotective effects of human albumin have been studied in animal models of stroke and in humans with various intracranial disorders. We investigated the effect of 25 % human albumin (ALB) on mean cerebral blood flow velocities (MCBFV), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and cerebral infarction. METHODS: We studied patients from the Albumin in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (ALISAH) pilot clinical trial. We collected data on MCBFV as measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), incidence of DCI, and cerebral infarctions on head computed tomography (CT) scan at 90 days. RESULTS: TCD showed vasospasm in 75 % (n = 15), 55 % (n = 11), and 29 % (n = 2) of subjects in dosage tiers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. DCI was present in 20 % (n = 4), 15 % (n = 3), and 14 % (n = 1) of subjects in dosage tiers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cerebral infarctions were seen in 45 % (5 of 9), 27 % (3 of 18), and 25 % (1 of 4) of subjects who had follow-up head CT scans in dosage tiers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher dosages of ALB were associated with a lower incidence of TCD vasospasm, DCI, and cerebral infarction at 90 days in a dose-dependent manner.
