Measurement and comparison of individual external doses of high-school students living in Japan, France, Poland and Belarus-the 'D-shuttle' project.

Twelve high schools in Japan (of which six are in Fukushima Prefecture), four in France, eight in Poland and two in Belarus cooperated in the measurement and comparison of individual external doses in 2014. In total 216 high-school students and teachers participated in the study. Each participant wore an electronic personal dosimeter 'D-shuttle' for two weeks, and kept a journal of his/her whereabouts and activities. The distributions of annual external doses estimated for each region overlap with each other, demonstrating that the personal external individual doses in locations where residence is currently allowed in Fukushima Prefecture and in Belarus are well within the range of estimated annual doses due to the terrestrial background radiation level of other regions/countries.

[10 years' activity of the IUHE (International Union for Health Education)]. / Dix années d'activités de l'UIES.

During the 1975-85 decade, health education has taken on a new dimension, particularly after the Alma-Ata conference on primary health care (PHC). The enlarged concept of PHC has contributed to the evolution of the policy of the International Union for Health Education (IUHE). The IUHE has today five main objectives: 1) assert the role of health education in the socio-economic development of communities; 2) facilitate, by organizing lectures, seminars and working groups, exchanges between those responsible for the sanitary aspects of socio-economic development; 3) take part in increasing the knowledge concerning the role of education in the promotion, protection and recovery of health; 4) ensure the international circulation of publications and research pertaining to health education; 5) develop working relations with international organizations as well as NGOs and governments. The policy of the IUHE has evolved together with the concept of health education and this has meant structural changes: involving the regionalization of its activities through five regional offices. The IUHE services its members today through five regional offices: the one for Africa, operational since 1976; the one for North America, created in 1977; the South East Asian regional bureau, founded in 1983; the European bureau which was opened in 1968; and the bureau for the Northern part of Western Pacific which is only one year old and has its headquarters in Seoul (Republic of Korea). This new structure has enabled the IUHE to considerably develop its activities throughout the world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Facoemulsificación ultrasónica vía pars plana adaptada para intervenir cataratas seniles: estudio experimental en 37 ojos enucleados / Ultrasonic phacoemulsification via pars plana adapted to cataract surgery of senile eyes: experimental study in 37 enucleated eyes

Se realizan varias modificaciones al sistema de fragmentacion ultrasónico de Girard, adaptado a la catarata senil. Se pone énfasis en la necesidad de evitar la irrigación profusa del endotelio en la E.E.C. de la catarata y en las ventajas de dejar intacta la capsula anterior en sustitución de la posterior. Este trabajo experimental se realizó en ojos seniles enucleados, cuyos resultados permiten auspiciar fundamentales cambios de técnica en la operación de la catarata y su corrección intraocular para el futuro

[Evaluation of world health: current status]. / Bilan de la santé du monde: situation actuelle.

In this first article dedicated to the balance of the world health, the author gives the main reasons which explain the spectacular growth of the world population. From 1950 to 1984, population increased by 93% shifting from 2.5 to 4.8 thousand millions among which 3.5 are living in Third World countries and 1.3 in industrialized ones. Then he studies the factors which originate the inequality of men in the face of disease and death, and gives some details on causes for mortality to-day. In industrialized countries, three fourth of deaths are due to two diseases, which are cardio-vascular diseases (48%), and cancer (19%), while in Third World countries, the major risk factors are transmissible diseases, malnutrition and lack of environmental hygiene. Infantile mortality makes it clear; out of 122 millions children born in 1980, according to WHO evaluation, more than 10 millions die before they get one year old, and 5 millions between one and five years of age. This inequality of people in the face of life and death is one of the biggest scandals of our time, especially because we have the technical means to reduce it. It will require a considerable effort from governments, international organizations and NGOs to reach the WHO object of "Health for All by the year 2000". These prospects for the future will be developed in the second part of this article to be published in a next issue of Hygie.

[A possible objective from now to the year 2000: reducing infant mortality by one half in Third World countries]. / Un objectif possible d'ici l'an 2000: réduire de moitié la mortalité infantile dans les pays du tiers-monde.

Every day 40.000 children die throughout the world. Most of them in developing countries. There is a close relationship between infant mortality, life expectancy at birth, the adult illiteracy rate and national income per capita. Why such huge differences between the infant mortality rate of 7 per 1.000 (live births) in Sweden and 208 in Upper Volta? The four scourges which afflict developing countries: hunger (malnutrition), disease, ignorance and poverty are responsible for this state of affairs. The author suggests that coordinated action by governments and International Agencies should be taken to halve the infant mortality rate by the year 2.000. He notes that in the past three mistakes were made which should not be repeated. The first was to improve the living conditions of the population. The green Revolution in India provides a striking example of an important progress which benefited only the wealthier farmers. A second mistake was to believe that only a medical approach reduce the infant mortality rate. A third error was to overlook the importance of health education and not to seek the active participation of the people concerned. The author recalls that the International Union for Health Education carried out a sanitary and social programme from 1975 to 1978 in Africa, south of the Sahara. To this effect, the IUHE had to find out what the people really wanted, could be motivated, to increase the welfare of the villagers by measures adapted to existing possibilities, to study how the people could recruit among the villagers health workers and train them, to create village health committees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Objectives of education for health]. / Les objectifs de l'éducation pour la sante.

The health concept has recently acquired a new dimension which reflects in health education. To its fundamental objective which is the control of disease must not be added an improved quality of life. Health education must create a turn of mind in order to suppress a number of avoidable risks. It is at the root of prevention which should be based on precise epidemiological data. Health education also plays a role in the socio-economic development of nations. All aspects of development: education, agriculture, public works, health and economy are interrelated. The health of a community depends on a number of decision taken in various sectors. The author who acted as health advisor to several developing countries proposed, with little success, the creation of interministerial committees to coordinate different sectors which all can make contribution to better health. Health education is one of the factors of development because it contributes to: increase the efficacy of health services, curative as well as preventive; to improve productivity by reducing occupational diseases and accidents; to change the social climate of communities by getting the people to participate in finding solutions to their own health problems. Moreover, health education needs to be effective on a nationwide scale to be supported by health authorities. This is also one of the points made in the editorial (p. 4) to explain certain failures due to the absence of policy support.

[Paraganglioma of the organs of Zuckerkandl. A case report (author's transl)]. / Paragangliome de l'organe de Zuckerkandl. A propos d'un cas.

Endocrine manifestations were absent in a patient presenting with pain in the left peri-umbilical region from a paraganglioma of the organs of Zuckerkandl. The authors describe the embryology of paragangliomas and review the published literature concerning the noradrenaline-secreting forms of these tumors. Only 86 references to those of Zuckerkandl, situated on the side of the aorta in relation to the inferior mesenteric artery, were found. Diagnosis of non-secreting forms is confirmed by arteriography which in this present case demonstrated three pedicles arising from the inferior mesenteric, celiac, and one of the lumbar arteries respectively. The only evidence of malignancy is the presence of metastases. Their diagnosis is therefore difficult but essential as one-third of the localisations of malignant pheochromocytomas (10 p. cent of pheochromocytomas) outside of the adrenals affect the organs of Zuckerkandl.