Vertebral Augmentation Compared to Conservative Treatment of Vertebra Plana and High-Degree Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: A Review of 110 Fractures in 100 Patients.

This is a retrospective study that evaluated surgical versus non-surgical treatment of 100 patients followed for up to six years diagnosed with severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCF). Fractures were classified by percent collapse of vertebral body height as "high-degree fractures" (HDF) (>50%) or vertebra plana (VP) (>70%). A total of 310 patients with VCF were reviewed, identifying 110 severe fractures in 100 patients. The HDF group was composed of 47 patients with a total of 50 fractures. The VP group was composed of 53 patients with a total of 60 fractures. Surgical intervention was performed in 59 patients, comprised entirely of percutaneous vertebral cement augmentation procedures, including vertebroplasty, balloon kyphoplasty, or cement with expandable titanium implants. The remaining 41 patients only underwent conservative treatment that is the basis of the comparison study. All procedures were performed as an outpatient under local anesthesia with minimal sedation and there were no procedural complications. The initial or pre-procedural visual analog scale (VAS) score averaged 8.4 in all patients, with surgical patients having the most marked drop in VAS, averaging four points. This efficacy was achieved to a greater degree in surgically treated VP fractures compared to HDF. Non-surgical patients persisted with the most pain in both short- and long-term follow-up. This large series, with follow-up up to six years, demonstrated that the more severe fractures respond well to different percutaneous cement augmentation procedures with reduction of pain without increased complications in a comparison to conservatively treated patients.

A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis Investigating the Effect of Timing of Vertebral Augmentation on Pain Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 700,000 individuals experience osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) every year in the United States. Chronic complications from patients and increasing economic burdens continue to be major problems with OVCFs. Multiple treatment options for OVCF are available, including conservative management, surgical intervention, and minimally invasive vertebral augmentation. Prior studies have investigated the utility of vertebral augmentation techniques such as percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), balloon vertebroplasty (BVP), and vertebral augmentation with the KivaTM implant on patient mortality with favorable results. The optimal time from OVCF occurrence to vertebral augmentation continues to be a topic of investigation. OBJECTIVES: To further investigate the effect of the timing of vertebral augmentation on pain outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort chart review study. SETTING: A single academic center in Albuquerque, New Mexico. METHODS: One hundred twenty-six consecutive patient encounters with OVCF diagnosed on imaging and treated with PVP, BVP, or vertebral augmentation with a KivaTM implant between 01/01/2004 and 11/28/2016 were analyzed. The time between fracture and intervention was categorized into < 6 weeks, 6-12 weeks, and >= 12 weeks. Pain scores were measured before and after treatment using the numeric pain rating scale. Statistical analysis using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used as appropriate, and effect sizes were described with the Hodges-Lehmann estimates of difference. RESULTS: The 3 vertebral augmentation procedures compared in this study did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in pain score reduction (P = 0.949). The < 12 weeks group had a median and interquartile range (IQR) pain improvement of 3 (IQR 1,6) versus 1 (IQR 0,4) in the >= 12 weeks group (P = 0.018). Further analysis showed that the median and IQR pain improvement for the < 6 weeks group was 3 (IQR 1,7), for the 6-12 weeks group was 3 (IQR 1,4), and for the >= 12 weeks group was 1 (IQR 0,4). The overall effect of the time category on pain improvement was statistically significant for these groups (P = 0.040). Comparisons between groups only showed differences between the < 6 weeks and >= 12 weeks groups (P = 0.013), with an estimated median difference of 2 (95% CI 0,3). There was no statistically significant relationship between fill percentage and pain relief (P = 0.291). LIMITATIONS: This is a retrospective cohort study from a single academic center with a limited sample size that lacked a control group and procedural blinding. There was also substantial heterogeneity among patients, fractures, operators, and techniques. Pain relief outcomes are subjective and can be biased by patients as well as physician reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention (< 12 weeks) with vertebral augmentation in patients with OVCF is associated with improved pain scores when compared to later intervention (> 12 weeks). Very early intervention (< 6 weeks) confers a greater advantage when compared to later intervention (> 12 weeks).

An Unusual Vertical T12 Fracture Extending into the T12-L1 Disc in a Patient with Diffuse Idiopathic Spondylotic Hyperostosis: A Case Study Using Vertebroplasty to Stabilize the Fracture.

Osteoporotic spinal fractures are seen above previous spinal instrumentation and also found in patients with diffuse idiopathic spondylotic hyperostosis (DISH). In both situations, there is marked spinal rigidity with a limited mobile spinal section that is vulnerable to motion and subsequent fracture with no or minimal trauma especially when there is concurrent osteoporosis. This is an unusual case where the patient developed a vertical anterior avulsion type fracture of T12 through a large bridging spondylotic ventral spur of bone, resulting in severe positional pain above a previous lumbar instrumented fusion. While being managed conservatively with bracing, sequential follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans showed progressive development of vacuum changes, both in the linear fracture and the adjacent intra-discal space. Vacuum changes are a strong radiologic sign of spinal instability. Because of age and not wanting to undergo further extensive fusion, he was treated with intra-discal and transpedicular placement of bone cement with the resolution of his pain.

Radiologic Evaluation of Chronic Vertebral Compression Fractures and Role of Vertebral Augmentation.

The literature has classified chronic vertebral compression fractures (VCF) as those still "symptomatic" four or more months after onset. Pain is regarded as the predominant chronic symptom; however, radiologic changes are important in evaluating fracture progression. This review examines a series of patients with chronic fractures and both persistence of spinal pain combined with radiologic changes, such as worsening collapse, spinal angulation, the development of vertebral edema and clefts, as well as the development of new fractures at adjacent spinal levels. In patients with clear progressive radiologic changes in addition to pain, vertebral augmentation on an average of 9.3 months after injury was effective in reducing the pain and stabilizing these more chronic osteoporotic fractures. A comparison of the pre- and post-procedure visual analog scale score (VAS) indicated an average of 66% reduction in pain. There are several reasons for the development of chronic symptomatic fractures. Most commonly, interventional treatment is delayed in a patient already diagnosed with VCF after a long period of conservative treatment, yet pain persists, or the initial clinical and radiologic evaluation misses the fracture, leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. In this report, management in these patients and the role of late vertebral augmentation for chronic symptomatic fractures is clarified based on the findings of various radiologic changes seen on both initial and follow-up radiologic studies.

Evaluation of CyberKnife Radiosurgery for Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has evolved as an accepted treatment for medication resistant trigeminal neuralgia. Initial results are very good but follow-up over three to five years shows a gradual return of pain in up to 50% of treated patients, often requiring further treatment. The results with repeat SRS using the isocentric Gamma Knife (GK) (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden), especially in patients having initially good results, are very similar to the outcomes after the initial treatment although there is an increased risk of residual facial numbness secondary to the additional radiation dose to the trigeminal nerve. However, after 2000, non-isocentric SRS systems began to be used for treating trigeminal neuralgia including the CyberKnife (CK) (Accuray, Sunnyvale, California) as well as various linear accelerator (LINAC) based systems. This report specifically examines a series of recurrent trigeminal cases treated by the same group of physicians with the CK system. Similar doses and locations on the trigeminal nerve and/or the root entry zone were used for both initial and repeat SRS treatment regardless of system used. Although there are numerous series reporting the use of GK for recurrent treatment for recurrent trigeminal neuralgia, there are no series reviewing the results and long-term effectiveness using CK for repeat SRS for recurrent trigeminal pain. We reviewed 23 cases that had initial treatment for trigeminal neuralgia either surgically or with SRS with either the GK or CK and then a later second procedure only with CK. The follow-up after the second CK SRS ranged from three to 13 years found that the results are very similar to the multiple reports in the literature describing second or third SRS treatments with the GK. Results of repeat radiosurgery treatment of recurrent trigeminal neuralgia appear to be independent of the system used and are primarily based on proper target and dose to the trigeminal nerve.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Found Inline with the Fields of Repeat Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia.

A case of an extremely healthy, active, 96-year-old patient, nonsmoker, is reviewed. He was initially treated for left V1, V2, and V3 trigeminal neuralgia in 2001, at age 80, with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with a dose of 80 Gy to the left retrogasserian trigeminal nerve. He remained asymptomatic for nine years until his trigeminal pain recurred in 2010. He was first treated medically but was intolerant to increasing doses of carbamazepine and gabapentin. He underwent a second SRS in 2012 with a dose of 65.5 Gy to the same retrogasserian area of the trigeminal nerve, making the total cumulative dose 125.5 Gy. In late 2016, four years after the 2nd SRS, he was found to have invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma in the left posterior mandibular oral mucosa. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is seen primarily in smokers or associated with the human papillomavirus, neither of which was found in this patient. A review of his two SRS plans shows that the left lower posterior mandibular area was clearly within the radiation fields for both SRS treatments. It is postulated that his cancer developed secondary to the long-term radiation effect with a very localized area being exposed twice to a focused, cumulative, high-dose radiation. There are individual reports in the literature of oral mucositis immediately after radiation for trigeminal neuralgia and the delayed development of malignant tumors, including glioblastoma found after SRS for acoustic neuromas, but there are no reports of delayed malignant tumors developing within the general radiation field. Using repeat SRS is an accepted treatment for recurrent trigeminal neuralgia, but physicians and patients should be aware of the potential effects of higher cumulative radiation effects within the treatment field when patients undergo repeat procedures.

Recurrent posterior circulation infarcts secondary to vertebral artery external compression treated with endovascular deconstruction.

When multiple, recurrent infarcts occur in spite of maximal medical management, the level of suspicion for atypical vascular injury should be heightened. We present a case of a patient who presented with recurrent posterior circulation infarcts despite optimized medical management. On imaging, he was found to have external anatomical vertebral artery muscular and/or osseous compression leading to repetitive vascular injury and strokes. Recurrent intimal injury and vertebral artery to intracranial emboli despite anticoagulation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy necessitated definitive operative management. Surgical bypass, external surgical decompression, reconstructive endovascular, and deconstructive endovascular techniques were carefully considered. A deconstructive endovascular approach was chosen as the least morbid option. The use of endovascular plugs such as a microvascular plug provides a quick and effective means of achieving a therapeutic parent artery occlusion in lieu of traditional coil occlusion. Although reserved as a last resort, parent artery occlusion can be a viable option to treat recurrent strokes, particularly in a nondominant vertebral artery.

Vertebral Compression Fractures after Lumbar Instrumentation.

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is primarily found in an older population. This is a similar demographic group that develops both osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures (VCF). This report reviewed a series of patients treated for VCF that had previous lumbar surgery for symptomatic spinal stenosis. Patients that only underwent laminectomy or fusion without instrumentation had a similar distribution of VCF as the non-surgical population in the mid-thoracic, or lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine. However, in the patients that had previous short-segment spinal instrumentation, fractures were found to be located more commonly in the mid-lumbar spine or sacrum adjacent to or within one or two spinal segments of the spinal instrumentation. Adjacent-level fractures that occur due to vertebral osteoporosis after long spinal segment instrumentation has been discussed in the literature. The purpose of this report is to highlight the previously unreported finding of frequent lumbar and sacral osteoporotic fractures in post-lumbar instrumentation surgery patients. Important additional factors found were lack of preventative medical treatment for osteoporosis, and secondary effects related to inactivity, especially during the first year after surgery.

Delayed Development of Trigeminal Neuralgia after Radiosurgical Treatment of a Tentorial Meningioma.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a known symptom of the tumors and aberrant vessels near the trigeminal nerve and the tentorial notch. There are very few reports of delayed development of trigeminal neuralgia after radiosurgical treatment of a tumor in these areas. This is a case report of a patient treated with radiosurgery for radiation induced meningiomas, 30 years after childhood whole brain radiation. The largest tumor was adjacent to the pons and left trigeminal nerve but did not cause any direct neurologic symptoms or facial pain. Nine months after radiosurgical treatment of the tumors, the patient developed left sided typical trigeminal facial pain and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the marked reduction in the tumor size. The patient was subsequently treated with radiosurgery to the Gasserian ganglion with a resolution of facial pain. This article reviews the unique characteristics and unusual response to the radiation induced meningiomas to radiosurgery. This is a case of rapid shrinkage of the tumor seen on follow-up MRI scans, concurrent with the development of facial pain, suggests that the rapid shrinkage led to traction on adhesions and related microvasculature changes adjacent to the tumor and trigeminal nerve roots causing the subsequent trigeminal neuralgia.

Targeted Radiofrequency Ablation as an Adjunct in Treatment of Lumbar Facet Cysts.

Lumbar facet cysts are frequently found in patients with facet degeneration and segmental instability. When the facet cyst is localized in the neural foramina and lateral recess or becomes large, it can cause radiculopathy or neurogenic claudication. These symptomatic cysts are typically treated interventionally with drainage and a corticosteroid injection or attempts via overinflation to rupture the cyst; however, these procedures have a significant recurrence rate (up to 50%) and often need to be repeated or lead to lumbar surgery if unsuccessful.   This is the first report of using targeted radiofrequency (RF) current as an adjunct to cyst drainage. Although RF has been used for years to treat facet pain indirectly by targeting the medial facet nerve branches, with this technique, under image guidance, the actual cyst is percutaneously drained and then cauterized along with the associated facet capsule, where the original cyst developed. This has improved overall results with less cyst recurrence than previous percutaneous methods and was documented with both intermediate and long-term followup clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This report reviews the underlying anatomy and pathology of the facet joint relating to the development of facet cysts and how current percutaneous treatments for lumbar facet cysts can be supplemented and improved by adding targeted RF ablation to the percutaneous options available to treat a lumbar facet cyst.

Minimally Invasive Anterior Cervical Discectomy Without Fusion to Treat Cervical Disc Herniations in Patients with Previous Cervical Fusions.

Adjacent level cervical disc disease and secondarily progressive disc space degeneration that develops years after previously successful anterior cervical fusion at one or more levels is a common, but potentially complex problem to manage. The patient is faced with the option of further open surgery which involves adding another level of disc removal with fusion, posterior decompression, and stabilization, or possibly replacing the degenerated disc with an artificial disc construct. These three cases demonstrate that some patients, especially after minor trauma, may have small herniated discs as the cause for their new symptoms rather than progressive segmental degeneration. Each patient became symptomatic after minor trauma three to six years after the original fusion and had no or minimal radiologic changes of narrowing of the disc or spur formation commonly seen in adjacent level disease, but rather had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings typical of small herniated discs. After failing multiple months of conservative treatment they were offered surgery as an option. Subsequently, all three were successfully treated with minimal anterior discectomy without fusion. There are no reports in the literature of using minimal anterior cervical discectomy without fusion in previous fused patients. This report reviews the background of adjacent level cervical disease, the various biomechanical explanations for developing a new disc herniation rather than progressive segmental degeneration, and how anterior cervical discectomy without fusion can be an option in these patients.

Low Volume Vertebral Augmentation with Cortoss® Cement for Treatment of High Degree Vertebral Compression Fractures and Vertebra Plana.

This is a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients undergoing vertebroplasty and vertebral augmentation in an outpatient setting for high degree osteoporotic vertebral fractures or vertebra plana using consistently low volumes (less than 3 cc) of Cortoss® cement, rather than polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The results in these patients demonstrate that it is both technically feasible to do vertebroplasty on these patients and using a low volume hydrophilic silica-based cement is effective in providing diffuse vertebral body fill with minimal complications. There was no increased risk of complications, such as cement leakage, displacement of bone fragments, or progression of the angulation. Specifically, with over a 24-month follow-up, the preoperative collapse or angulation did not worsen and none of the patients developed adjacent level fractures or required further surgery at the involved vertebral level.

Sacral Insufficiency Fractures: Recognition and Treatment in Patients with Concurrent Lumbar Vertebral Compression Fractures.

INTRODUCTION: In reviewing a larger group of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), we found that the overall incidence of sacral insufficiency fractures (SIFs) is higher than commonly reported values. This is especially seen in patients with previous or concurrent lumbar VCFs and also in a subgroup that had lumbar stenosis or hip arthroplasty. The altered biomechanics due to associated lumbar stenosis or hip arthroplasty lead to increased mechanical stress on already weakened and deficient sacral alae, which are more vulnerable to osteoporotic weakening than other parts of the sacrum. MATERIALS & METHODS: We studied an overall population of patients with VCF seen clinically and separated the patients into the following groups: patients not previously treated, patients treated with vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty at one or more levels, and patients diagnosed with sacral fractures and treated with vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. We wanted to see if a pattern existed among the patients who had sacral symptoms, were diagnosed with sacral insufficiency fractures, and subsequently underwent sacroplasty. RESULTS: In a review of 79 consecutive patients, over a 24-month period, with VCF who underwent surgical treatment, there were 10 patients who also had sacral insufficiency fractures. Four of the patients had sacral insufficiency fractures without VCF. None of the patients with sacral insufficiency fractures were on treatment for osteoporosis at the time of diagnosis. The following symptoms indicated SIF: lower sacral pain (n = 10), buttock pain (n = 7), lateral hip pain (n = 5), and groin pain radiating to the thigh (n = 4). The average time to diagnose SIF was two months after the onset of pain. CONCLUSIONS: Sacral insufficiency fractures are a frequent cause of both acute and chronic pain; however, they are often missed by the majority of physicians. The frequency of undetected sacral fractures is high. This is due to a number of potential pitfalls, which include both subjective and objective reasons: the patient presenting with vague symptoms, the physician only performing a physical examination of the lumbar spine, and the physician ordering the inadequate standard lumbosacral radiographs, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as automatically relating the pain and other symptoms to preexisting MRI findings that are very commonly found in the elderly population. All of these pitfalls lead to SIFs being overlooked.

Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Elderly Patients with Multi-Factorial Chronic Lumbar and Non-Radicular Lower Extremity Pain.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective treatment for chronic back and limb pain. The criteria for use of SCS for specific problems such as failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), peripheral neuropathic pain and residual pain after joint replacement is well established. With an aging population, there are more patients presenting with a combination of various multi-factorial chronic pain problems rather than from a single clear cause. It is not uncommon to see patients with chronic back pain years after spine surgery with new additional pain in the area of joint replacement or due to peripheral neuropathy. In most of these patients, one area is the primary cause of their pain, while the other more secondary. Multiple chronic problems complicate the pain management of the primary cause and also can diminish the effect of SCS that only targets the primary problem. The primary and secondary causes of pain were ranked by the patient including the duration of their chronic pain for each area. This helped establish criteria for use of SCS in these complex pain patients. The patients were evaluated initially with an epidural stimulator trial and if they obtained 50% or greater pain relief to the primary pain generating area, permanent implantation of one or more arrays of spinal cord electrodes was performed but planned to cover also the secondary pain areas. Post-implant follow-up evaluation at one, three and six months included measurement of visual analog scale (VAS), use of pain medication and degree of functional activity and behavior. This report looks at the effectiveness of using multiple overlapping electrodes for SCS in patients with multi-factorial chronic pain.

Benign metastasizing leiomyoma of the cervical spine 31 years after uterine leiomyoma resection.

We report a 74-year-old woman presenting with a leiomyoma of the cervical spine 31 years after uterine leiomyoma resection. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma to the cervical spine is very rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth reported patient with a leiomyoma metastasizing to the cervical spine and that with the longest latency period for this type of tumor, 31 years. The pathological features were typical of leiomyoma.

Mincle signaling in the innate immune response after traumatic brain injury.

The innate immune response contributes to the inflammatory activity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study we identify macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (mincle) as a pattern recognition receptor that contributes to innate immunity in neurons after TBI. Here we report that mincle is activated by SAP130 in cortical neurons in culture, resulting in production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF. In addition, mincle and SAP130 are elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of humans after TBI and the brain of rodents after fluid percussion brain injury. Thus, these findings suggest the involvement of mincle to the pathology of TBI. Importantly, blocking mincle with a neutralizing antibody against mincle in cortical neurons in culture treated with SAP130 resulted in inhibition of mincle signaling and decreased TNF production. Therefore, our findings identify mincle as a contributor to the inflammatory response after TBI.

Chronic subdural hematoma patients aged 90 years and older.

OBJECTIVES: The American population above 65 years of age will double by 2050, and more nonagenarians will present to neurosurgeons for treatment for subdural hematomas (SDH), common in the elderly. Healthcare providers, and patients' relatives, often choose treatment when there is little chance of recovery. Hospital mortality is 24% (n = 5) in chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) patients over 65 years, but there are no studies on cSDH outcomes in patients aged over 90 years. This retrospective study evaluates outcomes in this population. METHODS: We reviewed all patients with cSDH between December 2005 and December 2011. We analyzed charts of patients aged 90 years and older. Patient demographics, Glagow Coma Scale (GCS) at presentation, medical co-morbidities, length of stay, disposition, treatment, and radiographic characteristics were abstracted. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients aged 90 or older with 24 admissions for cSDH were identified. Median age was 92 (SD = 2.5); 76% (n = 16) underwent surgery. Median presentation GCS was 14. Disposition to home, rehabilitation facility, nursing home, hospice, or death were not significantly different between conservative and operative groups (P = 0.10), nor was admission GCS (P = 0.59). The size of SDH was significantly (P = 0.02) larger in the operative group. Overall, only 24% (n = 5) of patients were discharged home. CONCLUSION: Clinical presentation with cSDH is a sentinel event for patients aged 90 years or older; 67% have surgical intervention. Disposition does not vary with surgical or non-surgical treatment. Only 24% of patients of this age group presenting with cSDH return home despite a good admission GCS.

Bilateral psoas abscesses caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine.

Psoas abscess following spine surgery is a rare condition that can be overlooked or delayed as a result of its vague clinical manifestations. Gone unchecked, it can lead to severe morbidity and even death. We present a 71-year-old female patient who developed bilateral psoas abscess immediately following L2 through S1 posterior instrumented fusion. The patient underwent CT-guided percutaneous drainage of the bilateral psoas abscess and blood cultures revealed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sensitive to vancomycin. Following surgical re-exploration, debridement and removal of part of the instrumentation, the patient received antibiotic treatment for 12 weeks and at 1-year follow-up the patient continues asymptomatic.

Primary intradiploic pterional epidermoid cyst.

A 72-year-old woman who developed a left temporal protrusion was referred to our center. An MRI showed a heterogeneous mass in the left temple with T2 signal hyperintensity within the intradiploic space of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, measuring 2.4 x 2.1 cm. The patient underwent a surgical removal of the mass through the pterional approach. Pathology showed an epidermoid cyst. Intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the skull are rare benign tumors of the skull. These lesions grow slowly and are composed of epidermoid cells debris rich in cholesterol. The prophylactic removal of these tumors with the goal of preventing recurrences is recommended.