Sexual and psychological symptoms in the climacteric years.

OBJECTIVES: To provide epidemiological data about psychological and sexual functioning during menopausal transition in a large Italian non-clinical sample, and to investigate their correlation with life events. METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional postal survey of a menopausal sample of women recruited from the General Registry Office in Ferrara's province. The sample was composed of four thousand and seventy-three women; they were sent a questionnaire designed on the basis of the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ). Together with the WHQ, the subjects filled out a personal file to define social status, cultural level, family's characteristics, recent menstrual cycles, gynaecological history and operations, drug assumption, life events in the last year, and lifetime depression. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and forty-five women provided usable questionnaires. Factor analysis resulted in eight clusters: somatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, depressed mood with anxiety symptoms, cognitive difficulties, anxiety, sexual functioning, vasomotor symptoms and sleep problems. Mood and sexual function were impaired through the menopausal transition, with depressive and sexual symptoms being higher in the post-menopausal group compared to the pre-menopausal one. Therefore, the correlation between the two was greater in the pre- and peri-menopausal period. CONCLUSION: Depressive and sexual symptoms presented greater severity in the post-menopausal group. Both clusters of symptoms were strongly associated with life events. The parallel course of the two clusters could be related with a common pathoplastic action of life events, both on sexual symptoms and on depressive symptoms, occurring right at the time that a woman has to face the transition into menopause.

Psychological status at the menopausal transition: an Italian epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVES: To provide epidemiological data about psychological symptoms derived from a large Italian non-clinical sample, and to investigate the correlation with psychosocial factors. METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional postal survey of a sample of menopausal women recruited from the General Registry Office in Ferrara's province. Four thousands and seventy-three women were sent a questionnaire designed on the basis of the Women Health Questionnaire (WHQ). Together with the WHQ, women were asked to fill out a personal file to define social status, cultural level, family's characteristics, recent menstrual cycles, gynaecological history and operations, drug's assumption, life events in the last year and lifetime depression. RESULTS: Factor analysis resulted in eight clusters of symptoms. Among psychiatric symptoms, three different clusters were identified: depressive symptoms, depressed mood with anxiety symptoms, and anxiety. The cluster "depressive symptoms" was more evident in the postmenopausal period with respect to the premenopausal one. CONCLUSION: The cluster "depressive symptoms" is significantly different in the premenopausal group with respect to the postmenopausal group, with greater levels of symptomatology in the postmenopausal group. On the contrary, the factor "depressed mood with anxiety symptoms" is present to the same extent in the pre-, peri- and postmenopausal groups. Prior depression is the most predictive variable of subsequent depression in postmenopausal women. Factors related to more pronounced depressive symptoms are number of life events, postmenopausal status, place of residence in rural areas and lower cultural level.