Safety of Inulin and Sinistrin: Combining Several Sources for Pharmacovigilance Purposes.

Introduction: Inulin and its analog sinistrin are fructose polymers used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In 2018, The French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM) decided to withdraw products containing sinistrin and inulin due to several reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions, including a fatal outcome. Objective: To assess the safety of inulin and sinistrin use in France. Methods: We searched multiple sources to identify adverse reactions (ARs) to inulin or sinistrin: first, classical pharmacovigilance databases including the French Pharmacovigilance (FPVD) and the WHO Database (VigiBase); second, data from a clinical trial, MultiGFR; third, data regarding current use in an hospital. All potential ARs to inulin or sinistrin were analyzed with a focus on hypersensitivity reactions and relationships to batches of sinistrin. Results: From 1991 to 2018, 134 ARs to inulin or sinistrin were registered in the FPVD or VigiBase. Sixty-three cases (47%) were classified as serious, and 129 cases (96%) were hypersensitivity reactions. We found an association between a batch of sinistrin and the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions. During the MultiGFR clinical trial, 7 patients (7/163 participants) had an Adverse reaction; of these, 4 were hypersensitivity reactions including one case of grade 4 anaphylactic shock. In the hospital, no ARs were observed. In the literature, ARs to inulin and sinistrin are very rarely reported and mostly benign. Conclusion: Most ARs to inulin and sinistrin are hypersensitivity reactions that appear to be associated with sinistrin batches.

[Nephrolithiasis of adult: From mechanisms to preventive medical treatment]. / Lithiase rénale de l'adulte : des mécanismes au traitement médical préventif.

Nephrolithiasis is a very common (prevalence around 10 to 12% in France) and recurrent disorder. Nephrolithiasis is associated to chronic kidney disease and is responsible for 2 to 3% of cases of end-stage renal disease, mainly if it is associated to nephrocalcinosis or to a monogenic disorder (1.6% of nephrolithiasis in adults, among them 1% of cystinuria). To understand the underlying pathophysiological processes, stone analysis (morphology and using infrared spectrophotometry) as well as minimal biological assessment including urine crystal research are required. The calcic nephrolithiasis is the more frequent subtype (>80%). Its medical treatment relies on simple dietary rules: non-alkaline hyperdiuresis>2 liters/day, calcium intake normalization (1 gram per day divided between the three principal meals), normalization of sodium (6 to 7 grams per day) and protein intake (1g/kg of theoretical body weight/day), and eviction of foods rich in oxalate. In case of persistent hypercalciuria (>0.1mmol/kg of theoretical body weight/day on free diet), a thiazide diuretic can be started while being aware to correct iatrogenic decrease in plasma potassium and urine citrate excretion. Measurement of bone mineral density must systematically be performed in patients with high 24 h-urinary calcium excretion. The medical treatment of uric acid nephrolithiasis relies on alkaline hyperdiuresis (goal of urine pH: 6.2 to 6.8). The use of allopurinol is justified only if urine uric acid is over 4mmol/day. Thanks to a well-managed preventive medical treatment, one can expect to stop the activity of nephrolithiasis in more than 80% of cases, making it one of the most accessible renal pathologies to preventive medical treatment.

Estimated or Measured GFR in Living Kidney Donors Work-up?

The value of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in living kidney donors screening is unclear. A recently published web-based application derived from large cohorts, but not living donors, calculates the probability of a measured GFR (mGFR) lower than a determined threshold. Our objectives were to validate the clinical utility of this tool in a cohort of living donors and to test two other strategies based on chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) and on MDRD-eGFR. GFR was measured using 51 Cr- ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid urinary clearance in 311 potential living kidney donors (178 women, mean age 50 ± 11.6 years). The web-based tool was used to predict those with mGFR < 80 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Inputs to the application were sex, age, ethnicity, and plasma creatinine. In our cohort, a web-based probability of mGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 higher than 2% had 100% sensitivity for detection of actual mGFR <80 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The positive predictive value was 0.19. A CKD-EPI-eGFR threshold of 104 mL/min/1.73 m2 and an MDRD-eGFR threshold of 100 mL/min/1.73 m2 had 100% sensitivity to detect donors with actual mGFR <80 mL/min/1.73 m2 . We obtained similar results in an external cohort of 354 living donors. We confirm the usefulness of the web-based application to identify potential donors who should benefit from GFR measurement.