ABSTRACT
Several anti-inflammatory agents based on pyrazole and imidazopyrazole scaffolds and a large library of substituted catechol PDE4D inhibitors were reported by us in the recent past. To obtain new molecules potentially able to act on different targets involved in inflammation onset we designed and synthesized a series of hybrid compounds by linking pyrazole and imidazo-pyrazole scaffolds to differently decorated catechol moieties through an acylhydrazone chain. Some compounds showed antioxidant activity, inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation in neutrophils, and a good inhibition of phosphodiesterases type 4D and, particularly, type 4B, the isoform most involved in inflammation. In addition, most compounds inhibited ROS production also in platelets, confirming their ability to exert an antiinflammatory response by two independent mechanism. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses evidenced that both heterocyclic scaffolds (pyrazole and imidazopyrazole) and the substituted catechol moiety were determinant for the pharmacodynamic properties, even if hybrid molecules bearing to the pyrazole series were more active than the imidazopyrazole ones. In addition, the pivotal role of the catechol substituents has been analyzed. In conclusion the hybridization approach gave a new serie of multitarget antiinflammatory compounds, characterized by a strong antioxidant activity in different biological targets.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Blood Platelets/drug effects , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Cell Survival/drug effects , Chemotaxis/drug effects , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4/chemistry , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4/metabolism , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4/pharmacology , Humans , Male , Neutrophils/drug effects , Neutrophils/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Platelet Aggregation/drug effects , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Neutrophils chemotaxis is a complex multistep process that, if upregulated, causes acute inflammation and a number of autoimmune diseases. We report here the synthesis of a new N-(4-substituted)pyrazolyl-N'-alkyl/benzyl/phenylureas that are potent inhibitors of interleukin-8 (IL8)-induced neutrophil chemotaxis. The first series of compounds, obtained by functionalization with a urea moiety of the 5-amino-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester 3, blocked the IL8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis, while they did not block N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine-mediated chemotaxis. The most active compounds, 3-benzyl- (4d), 3-(4-benzylpiperazinyl)- (4i), 3-phenyl- (4k) and 3-isopropylureido (4a) derivatives, showed an IC50 of 10, 14, 45, and 55 nM, respectively. Several different molecules were then synthesized to obtain more information for SAR study. Compounds 4a, 4d, and 4k were inactive in the binding assays on CXCR1 and CXCR2 (IL8 receptors), whereas they inhibited the phosphorylation of PTKs (protein tyrosine kinases) in the 50-70 kDa region. Moreover, in the presence of the same derivatives, we observed a complete block of F-actin rise and pseudopod formation.
