Persistent organic pollutants in the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) during the nesting stage in the "La Escobilla" Sanctuary, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances widely distributed in the environment by the runoff from anthropic activities and can be distributed and bioaccumulated or biomagnified in the environment, affecting the health of organisms. The sea turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, is a long-lived organism, with migratory habits and feeding behaviors that allow exposure to various pollutants. This work aimed to determine long-term exposure to POPs in adult olive ridley turtles (L. olivacea), sampled during the nesting season, in "La Escobilla" Sanctuary. Blood samples were collected and processed to obtain plasma. The quantification of POPs in blood was carried out with an extraction technique with a focused ultrasound probe. Twenty-seven POP analytes were determined. The concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane, endosulfan isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, total polychlorinated biphenyls, and the total sum of POPs found in plasma are higher than those reported in other studies, which reported effects such as hematological and biochemical changes in blood, changes in immune system cells and enzymatic activity related to oxidative stress. These results are important to demonstrate the chronic exposure to POPs in olive ridley turtles in marine ecosystems and to highlight the importance of assessing the associated health risks, considering that these contaminants could be transferred to the offspring and affect future generations of this reptile. It is important to carry out studies that develop conservation strategies for the olive ridley turtle. Also, it is necessary to control the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, as well as reduce urban, agricultural, and industrial waste in the environment and marine ecosystems.

Determination of global chemical patterns in exhaled breath for the discrimination of lung damage in postCOVID patients using olfactory technology.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of an electronic nose and chemometric analysis to discriminate global patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath of postCOVID syndrome patients with pulmonary sequelae. A cross-sectional study was performed in two groups, the group 1 were subjects recovered from COVID-19 without lung damage and the group 2 were subjects recovered from COVID-19 with impaired lung function. The VOCs analysis was executed using a Cyranose 320 electronic nose with 32 sensors, applying principal component analysis (PCA), Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis, random forest, canonical discriminant analysis (CAP) and the diagnostic power of the test was evaluated using the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve. A total of 228 participants were obtained, for the postCOVID group there are 157 and 71 for the control group, the chemometric analysis results indicate in the PCA an 84% explanation of the variability between the groups, the PLS-DA indicates an observable separation between the groups and 10 sensors related to this separation, by random forest, a classification error was obtained for the control group of 0.090 and for the postCOVID group of 0.088 correct classification. The CAP model showed 83.8% of correct classification and the external validation of the model showed 80.1% of correct classification. Sensitivity and specificity reached 88.9% (73.9%-96.9%) and 96.9% (83.7%-99.9%) respectively. It is considered that this technology can be used to establish the starting point in the evaluation of lung damage in postCOVID patients with pulmonary sequelae.

Assessment of inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate and exposure to mixtures of organic pollutants in brick workers.

Brick production causes a lot of pollution in the form of dust, fumes, and toxic substances. Therefore, brick workers are highly exposed to pollutants and present a high risk of developing respiratory diseases. The objective of this research was to determine the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toluene in urine and evaluate the effects on health using markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as well as the exposure to pollutants in suspended particles of the studied area. Exposure to PAHs and toluene was evaluated using hydroxylated markers (OH) of PAHs and hippuric acid in urine, respectively. Cytokines like TNF-α, INF-y, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 y GMCSF in EBC were also evaluated. PM2.5 particles were measured during an 8-h work shift. The results in brick workers presented a total OH-PAHs concentration of 97.3 µg/L and hippuric acid concentration of 0.2 g/L. The environmental concentrations of suspended particles were found within a range of 41.67-3541.6 µg/m3. The median of cytokines oscillated between 11.8 pg/mL to 1041 pg/mL. In conclusion, these results are similar to those of occupations in which there is high exposure to pollutants and populations with lung diseases. For that reason, the brick production sector requires prevention and control strategies against the pollutants emitted.

Evaluation of respiratory function and biomarkers of exposure to mixtures of pollutants in brick-kilns workers from a marginalized urban area in Mexico.

Brick-kilns are polluted environments due to the use of low-quality technologies and fuels, which generates black fumes with a large number of pollutants. The objective of this research was to analyze environmental exposure and biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, and respiratory health in brickmakers to assess the baseline state of contamination in a brick-kiln area of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Lead was quantified in soil and particulate matter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and 10 µm (PM10) in brick-kiln areas. In brickmakers, lead was evaluated in whole blood and 10 hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in urine. Respiratory health was assessed by spirometry, exhaled breath condensate, and a COPD-PS questionnaire. Data association was performed by Spearman correlation. Environmental concentrations and biomarkers of exposure are presented as medians, for lead, it was 60.4 mg/kg, for PM10, it was 2663.1 µg/m3, and for PM2.5, it was 166.6 µg/m3. For blood lead, it was 1.06 µg/dL, and the summed concentration of OH-PAHs in urine was 16.1 µg/L. Spirometry values were 2.8 ± 0.6 L and 2.9 ± 1.3 L/s FEV1 and FEV 25-75 respectively. The correlation results indicate that the older the age of the workers is and the extensive period they have been working, their lung function is affected the most. The health vulnerability present in these occupational activities is high, so it is necessary to make visible, address these economic activities in Mexico, and apply surveillance systems based on the health of the worker.

A review of Environmental risks and vulnerability factors of indigenous populations from Latin America and the Caribbean in the face of the COVID-19.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was declared a new epicentre of the coronavirus pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 22 May 2020. As of 13 January 2021, the numbers of deaths and cases caused by COVID-19 in LAC reported are 552,000 and 17'485,000 respectively. LAC concentrates the largest percentage of indigenous populations throughout the world. In this region, poverty is persistent and particularly rural indigenous peoples hold the steepest barriers to health services and experience profound discrimination based on ethnicity, poverty, and language, compared to their non-indigenous counterparts. The information regarding the health of indigenous populations, in general, is scarce, and this problem is aggravated in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to address the overall scenario of indigenous peoples in the Latin American and Caribbean region from March 2020 to January 2021, in this manner gathering information regarding health problems, economic, social, cultural and environmental factors that make indigenous populations in LAC particularly vulnerable to serious health effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as compiling the mitigation strategies implemented in indigenous communities.

Revisión del impacto del sector ladrillero sobre el ambiente y la salud humana en México / Environmental and human health effects caused by the Mexican bricks factories

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el trabajo precario en el sector ladrillero de México, sus efectos en salud e intervenciones. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sobre el sector ladrillero, así como su impacto en la salud y los estudios de exposición que se han realizado en México en bases de datos y sitios gubernamentales con restricción de idioma inglés y español. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron "trabajo precario", "contaminación por ladrilleras", "efectos en salud" e "intervenciones". Resultados: Existen pocos trabajos que señalen la exposición ambiental y biológica en el sector ladrillero del país. Se encontraron diversas intervenciones en el sector para reducir los impactos ambientales y de salud, sin embargo, no se enfocan directamente en el trabajador y sus familias. Conclusión: Las zonas ladrilleras presentan altos niveles de contaminación. Se requiere de información que refleje la exposición a mezclas de sustancias tóxicas en trabajadores, familias y población aledaña a estas zonas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the precarious conditions of the workers on the Mexican brick sector and their effects on health and possible intervention projects. Materials and methods: A review of databases and government sites (with English and Spanish language restrictions) was carried out to correlate the human health injury caused by the bricks factories' pollution. Exposure and health impact studies carried out in Mexico were analyzed. Keywords corresponding "precarious work", "brick pollution", "health effects" and "interventions" were used in the database search. Results: We found only a few studies that described environmental and biological effects caused by the brick sector in Mexico. Regarding intervention programs published until this year, our analysis indicates that these projects have the aim to reduce the environmental impacts but not ameliorate the health of the brick factories workers and their families. Conclusions: High levels of pollution were described in brick factories' areas. New studies are required to explore the effects of mixtures toxic substances over health workers, his families, and surrounding factories' population.

Revisión del impacto del sector ladrillero sobre el ambiente y la salud humana en México.

Objetivo. Describir el trabajo precario en el sector ladrillero de México, sus efectos en salud e intervenciones. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sobre el sector ladrillero, así como su impacto en la salud y los estudios de exposición que se han realizado en México en bases de datos y sitios gubernamentales con restricción de idioma inglés y español. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron "trabajo precario", "contaminación por ladrilleras", "efectos en salud" e "intervenciones". Resultados. Existen pocos trabajos que señalen la exposición ambiental y biológica en el sector ladrillero del país. Se encontraron diversas intervenciones en el sector para reducir los impactos ambientales y de salud, sin embargo, no se enfocan directamente en el trabajador y sus familias. Conclusión. Las zonas ladrilleras presentan altos niveles de contaminación. Se requiere de información que refleje la exposición a mezclas de sustancias tóxicas en trabajadores, familias y población aledaña a estas zonas.