ABSTRACT
A cluster of 18 inpatients and 21 outpatients with a major complaint of meningitis and a history of sharing traditional delicacies of raw pork and pig blood in a village festival led to the suspicion of Streptococcus suis (S. suis) meningitis in Sibang Kaja Village, Badung, Bali, Indonesia. We conducted an investigation and case finding to prevent human fatalities. Demography and laboratory examinations of the inpatients were recorded. Bacterial culture, identification, and sensitivity tests were conducted using a VITEK 2 Compact machine (Biomeriuex®) with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood from the inpatients. The bacterial species were confirmed via PCR. A subsequent investigation was also conducted to identify the source of the meat, the presence of S. suis in slaughtered pigs, and the zoosanitary measures at pig farms and slaughterhouses. The five most common clinical signs were fever (92.3%), myalgia (46.1%), neck stiffness (25.6%), headache (23.1%), and nausea/vomiting (20.5%). S. suis was confirmed in two CSF and one blood specimens. All inpatients recovered following intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone every 12 h for 14 days and dexamethasone every 6 h for 4 days, while the outpatients were treated with 500 mg of amoxicillin three times daily for 7 days. The veterinary and environmental investigation identified the source of the pork for the festival, confirmed the presence of S. suis in the slaughtered pigs, and elucidated the sanitary measures applied at the pig farms and slaughterhouses. We conclude that infections of S. suis in humans can spread in cluster phenomena following the sharing of high-risk food. A prompt and early response, as well as early treatment of patients, is paramount in case finding to enable a favourable outcome of full recovery. Additionally, the implementation of the "One Health" approach provides a comprehensive picture of the management of S. suis infection in humans.
ABSTRACT
AIM: This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolates originated from Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The isolates of P. multocida stored in frozen storage were cultured in blood agar as a selective medium and identified conventionally. Molecular tests were initiated by DNA isolation and then followed by polymerase chain reaction tests with specific primers for the determination of P. multocida serotype A or B. Positive strain of serotype B was then confirmed molecularly using 16S rRNA gene primer and followed by the sequencing of nucleotides. RESULTS: The study showed that both P. multocida isolates from Sumba island, i.e. PM1 is isolated from East Sumba district, while PM2 isolated from West Sumba district have 99.6% homology. Both isolates also known have 99% similarities with P. multocida originated from India, Britain, and Japan, respectively. The isolates share the same clade in the phylogenetic tree. CONCLUSION: The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a high similarity of P. multocida serotype B:2 isolated from Sumba island with the Indian isolates although the sample size is very small. Therefore, further molecular studies like multilocus sequence typing, VNTR need to be performed using a larger number of samples to establish the genetic relatedness observed in this study.
ABSTRACT
AIM: Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are an Indonesian's native cattle breed that distributed in Asia to Australia. The scientific literature on these cattle is scarce. The growth hormone (GH) of Bali cattle is investigated from three separated islands, namely, Bali, Nusa Penida, and Sumbawa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty plasma samples were collected from each island, and the GH was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The data were analyzed based on the origin, sex, and cattle raising practices. RESULTS: We found that the GH level (bovine GH [BGH]) of animal kept in stall 1.72±0.70 µg/ml was higher than free-grazing animal 1.27±0.81 µg/ml. The GH level was lower in female (1.22±0.62 µg/ml) compared to male animals (1.77±0.83 µg/ml). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the level of BGH in Bali cattle was low and statistically equal from all origins. The different level was related to sex and management practices. Further validation is needed through observing the growth rate following BGH administration and discovering the inbreeding coefficient of the animal in Indonesia.
