Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans: a systematic review of in vitro studies.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the available scientific evidence from in vitro studies regarding the effect induced by the flavonoids contained in grape seed extracts (GSE) and cranberry on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). METHODS: This systematic review was performed following the parameters of the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Electronic and manual searches were conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane databases. Reference lists of selected articles were reviewed to identify relevant studies. The search was not limited by year and was conducted solely in English. Eligible studies comprised publications describing in vitro studies that evaluated the effect of flavonoids derived from GSE and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of S. mutans. Common variables were identified to consolidate the data. Authors of this review independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. RESULTS: Of the 420 studies identified from the different databases, 22 publications were finally selected for review. The risk of bias was low in 13 articles and moderate in 9. The studies analyzed in this review revealed that cranberry extract has an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. mutans in ranges from 0.5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL, and GSE exerts a similar effect from 0.5 mg/mL to 250 mg/mL. Additionally, the extracts or their fractions showed reduced biofilm formation capacity, decreased polymicrobial biofilm biomass, deregulation of glycosyltransferases (Gtf) B and C expression, and buffering of pH drop. In addition to adequate antioxidant activity related to polyphenol content. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results showed that the extracts of cranberry and grape seed were effective in reducing the virulence factors of the oral pathogen. According to the data, proanthocyanidins are the active components in cranberry and grape seed that effectively resist S. mutans. They can inhibit the formation of insoluble polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix and prevent glycan-mediated adhesion, cohesion, and aggregation of the proteins in S. mutans. This suggests that these natural extracts could play an important role in the prevention of cariogenic bacterial colonization, as well as induce a decrease in their microbiological activity.

Dataset on the effect of flavonoids on the stabilization of the resin-dentin interface.

Data in this article are associated with our research article "Effect of Myricetin on Odontoblast-like Cells and its Potential to Preserve Resin-Dentin Bonds." Both a poor infiltration of resin monomers into the demineralized dentin matrix and hydrolytic degradation of the adhesive could lead to the instability of the resin-dentin interface. The degradation of collagen is caused by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cysteine cathepsins. These collagenolytic enzymes are contained in their latent form as pro-MMPs in the dentinal structure, and undergo activation during the adhesive process. Given that the integrity of the collagen matrix is essential for the preservation of the dentin bond strength in both the medium and long term, the inhibition of these proteases is necessary to improve the durability of adhesive restorations. Among the different strategies suggested to improve both the behavior of the substrate against enzymatic degradation and the biomechanical behavior of the adhesive interface, the use of protease inhibitors and collagen crosslinking agents has been recommended, such as polyphenols. Research has focused on flavonoids such as proanthocyanidins (PAC), a class of phenolic compounds found in a variety of plants such as blueberry and grape whose chemical structure favors their action as cross-linking agents. However, the focus has recently shifted towards myricetin (MYR) due to its chemical structure: a greater amount of hydroxyl groups at the substitution positions, which form bonds with the carbonyl groups of the side chains of collagen amino acids and generate interfiber bonds. Our previous study has shown the efficacy of MYR both as a cross-linking agent and as a MMP inhibitor without any immediate effects on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and preserving it for six months after storage, and maintaining the odontoblastic phenotype without affecting cell viability. The objective of this article is to present a dataset on the effect of flavonoids PAC and MYR on the resin-dentin interface. Given that durability of the resin-dentin bond holds great importance for the clinical longevity of adhesive restorations, our data aims to show the effects of these flavonoids on resin-dentin µTBS after 18-month storage. Test groups for the µTBS assay were set as follows: G1 (negative control), conventional adhesion technique; G2 (vehicle control), 100% ethanol (EtOH) for 120 s; G3, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) for 60 s; G4, 1% glutaraldehyde (GA) for 60 s; and G5, 600 µM myricetin (MYR) for 120 s. Datasets were exported to SPSS software, version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) for analysis using the Shapiro-Wilk, a two-way analysis of variance including factor interactions (treatment and storage time). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences with p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Our data can be used as a basis for comparison among other natural and synthetic substances that could work as MMP inhibitors and crosslinking agents. These findings could be useful for designing an effective strategy towards the stabilization of the hybrid layer in a relevant clinical protocol.

Infection Risk Prediction Model for COVID-19 Based on an Analysis of the Settlement of Particles Generated during Dental Procedures in Dental Clinics.

BACKGROUND: The health emergency declaration owing to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has drawn attention toward nosocomial transmission. The transmission of the disease varies depending on the environmental conditions. Saliva is a recognized SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in infected individuals. Therefore, exposure to fluids during dental procedures leads to a high risk of contagion. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop an infection risk prediction model for COVID-19 based on an analysis of the settlement of the aerosolized particles generated during dental procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The settlement of aerosolized particles during dental aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) performed on phantoms was evaluated using colored saliva. The gravity-deposited particles were registered using a filter paper within the perimeter of the phantom head, and the settled particles were recorded in standardized photographs. Digital images were processed to analyze the stained area. A logistic regression model was built with the variables ventilation, distance from the mouth, instrument used, area of the mouth treated, and location within the perimeter area. RESULTS: The largest percentage of the areas stained by settled particles ranged from 1 to 5 µm. The maximum settlement range from the mouth of the phantom head was 320 cm, with a high-risk cutoff distance of 78 cm. Ventilation, distance, instrument used, area of the mouth being treated, and location within the perimeter showed association with the amount of settled particles. These variables were used for constructing a scale to determine the risk of exposure to settled particles in dentistry within an infection risk prediction model. CONCLUSION: The greatest risk of particle settlement occurs at a distance up to 78 cm from the phantom mouth, with inadequate ventilation, and when working with a high-speed handpiece. The majority of the settled particles generated during the AGPs presented stained areas ranging from 1 to 5 µm. This model was useful for predicting the risk of exposure to COVID-19 in dental practice.