Pressure-induced vascular oxidative stress is mediated through activation of integrin-linked kinase 1/betaPIX/Rac-1 pathway.

High blood pressure induces a mechanical stress on vascular walls and evokes oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to characterize the intracellular signaling causing vascular oxidative stress in response to pressure. In carotid arteries subjected to high pressure levels, we observed not only an impaired vasorelaxation, increased superoxide production, and NADPH oxidase activity, but also a concomitant activation of Rac-1, a small G protein. Selective inhibition of Rac-1, with an adenovirus carrying a dominant-negative Rac-1 mutant, significantly reduced NADPH oxidase activity and oxidative stress and, more importantly, rescued vascular function in carotid arteries at high pressure. The analysis of molecular events associated with mechanotransduction demonstrated at high pressure levels an overexpression of integrin-linked kinase 1 and its recruitment to plasma membrane interacting with paxillin. The inhibition of integrin-linked kinase 1 by small interfering RNA impaired Rac-1 activation and rescued oxidative stress-induced vascular dysfunction in response to high pressure. Finally, we showed that betaPIX, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, is the intermediate molecule recruited by integrin-linked kinase 1, converging the intracellular signaling toward Rac-1-mediated oxidative vascular dysfunction during pressure overload. Our data demonstrate that biomechanical stress evoked by high blood pressure triggers an integrin-linked kinase 1/betaPIX/Rac-1 signaling, thus generating oxidative vascular dysfunction.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates hemolysis-induced vasoconstriction and the cerebral vasospasm evoked by subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Hypertension can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage and eventually to cerebral vasospasm. It has been suggested that the latter could be the result of oxidative stress and an inflammatory response evoked by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Because an unavoidable consequence of hemorrhage is lysis of red blood cells, we first tested the hypothesis on carotid arteries that the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to vascular oxidative stress evoked by hemolysis. We observed that hemolysis induces a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha both in blood and in vascular tissues, where it provokes Rac-1/NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress and vasoconstriction. Furthermore, we extended our observations to cerebral vessels, demonstrating that tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggered this mechanism on the basilar artery. Finally, in an in vivo model of subarachnoid hemorrhage obtained by the administration of hemolyzed blood in the cisterna magna, we demonstrated, by high-resolution ultrasound analysis, that tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition prevented and resolved acute cerebral vasoconstriction. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition rescued the hemolysis-induced brain injury, evaluated with the method of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and by the histological analysis of pyknotic nuclei. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor-alpha plays a crucial role in the onset of hemolysis-induced vascular injury and can be used as a novel target of the therapeutic strategy against cerebral vasospasm.

Characterization of nitric oxide release by nebivolol and its metabolites.

BACKGROUND: Nebivolol is a selective beta(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist that causes a direct vasodilator effect attributed to the action on vascular nitric oxide (NO). This study aimed to investigate whether nebivolol or its metabolites induces NO production and to explore the mechanisms underlying this pharmacologic effect. METHODS: Conductance and resistance arteries from Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) (n = 33) incubated with the fluorescent probe diaminofluorescein-2 (DAF-2) were stimulated with increasing concentrations of nebivolol or its enantiomers and metabolites, and NO release was histologically evaluated. RESULTS: Nebivolol induced a dose-dependent increase in NO levels in the endothelium of both arteries. Levels of NO were significantly increased at 10(-6)mol/L and reached a plateau state at 10(-5)mol/L. Induction of NO is not a general action of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, as atenolol had no effects. Nebivolol action on NO release was mainly caused by the D-isomer. Moreover NO production is also maintained after hepatic metabolism, as the three main metabolites of nebivolol were able to induce a significant increase in endothelial NO release. Finally, nebivolol-activated calcium mobilization is crucial to NO production. CONCLUSION: Our study shows the effects of D-nebivolol and its metabolites on endothelial NO production in both conductance and resistance arteries, and clarifies that this effect is realized through a calcium-dependent mechanism.

Emilin1 links TGF-beta maturation to blood pressure homeostasis.

TGF-beta proteins are main regulators of blood vessel development and maintenance. Here, we report an unprecedented link between TGF-beta signaling and arterial hypertension based on the analysis of mice mutant for Emilin1, a cysteine-rich secreted glycoprotein expressed in the vascular tree. Emilin1 knockout animals display increased blood pressure, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and reduced vessel size. Mechanistically, we found that Emilin1 inhibits TGF-beta signaling by binding specifically to the proTGF-beta precursor and preventing its maturation by furin convertases in the extracellular space. In support of these findings, genetic inactivation of Emilin1 causes increased TGF-beta signaling in the vascular wall. Strikingly, high blood pressure observed in Emilin1 mutants is rescued to normal levels upon inactivation of a single TGF-beta1 allele. This study highlights the importance of modulation of TGF-beta availability in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Selective Rac-1 inhibition protects from diabetes-induced vascular injury.

Diabetes mellitus is a main risk factor for vascular diseases. Vascular injury induced by diabetes mellitus is characterized by endothelial dysfunction attributable to an increased oxidative stress. So far, the molecular mechanisms involved in the vasculotoxic effects of diabetes are only partially known. We examined the effect of diabetes mellitus on oxidative stress and Rac-1 activation, a small G-protein involved in the activation of NADPH oxidase. Our results show that oxidative stress in vessels of different murine models of diabetes mellitus and in endothelial cells treated with high glucose is associated with an increased Rac-1/PAK binding and Rac-1 translocation from cytosol to plasma membrane, thus demonstrating an enhanced Rac-1 activity. More important, selective Rac-1 inhibition by an adenoviral vector carrying a dominant negative mutant of Rac-1 protected from oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus. Our study demonstrates that Rac-1 plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced vascular injury, and it could be a target of novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular risk in diabetes mellitus.

Protection from angiotensin II-mediated vasculotoxic and hypertensive response in mice lacking PI3Kgamma.

Hypertension affects nearly 20% of the population in Western countries and strongly increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases. In the pathogenesis of hypertension, the vasoactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin II and its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), play a crucial role by eliciting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediating vessel contractility. Here we show that mice lacking the GPCR-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)gamma are protected from hypertension that is induced by administration of angiotensin II in vivo. PI3Kgamma was found to play a role in angiotensin II-evoked smooth muscle contraction in two crucial, distinct signaling pathways. In response to angiotensin II, PI3Kgamma was required for the activation of Rac and the subsequent triggering of ROS production. Conversely, PI3Kgamma was necessary to activate protein kinase B/Akt, which, in turn, enhanced L-type Ca(2+) channel-mediated extracellular Ca(2+) entry. These data indicate that PI3Kgamma is a key transducer of the intracellular signals that are evoked by angiotensin II and suggest that blocking PI3Kgamma function might be exploited to improve therapeutic intervention on hypertension.