Therapeutic modulation methods of gut microbiota and gut-liver axis.

Liver diseases are considered global health problems that cause more than 1 million deaths each year. Due to the increase in the prevalence of liver diseases worldwide, studies on different treatment methods have increased. Some of these methods is diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on the examination of the intestinal and intestinal microbiota. In this study, research articles, systematic review and review in the literature were examined in order to determine gut-liver axis relationship and treatment methods for liver diseases with gut modulation methods. Studies related to the subject have been searched in Google Scholar and Pubmed databases. The keywords "liver disease" and "gut-liver axis" and "microbiota" and "gut modulation methods" or "probiotic" or "prebiotic" or "symbiotic" or "antibiotic" or "bile acid regulation" or "adsorbent" or "fecal microbiota transplantation" were used in the searches. Improvements have been achieved in biomarkers of liver diseases by providing intestinal modulation with probiotic, prebiotic, symbiotic, antibiotic and adsorbents applications, bile acid regulation and fecal microbiota transplantation. In the results of experimental and clinical studies, it was seen that the therapeutic potential of the treatments performed by applying probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics was higher.

Risk Factors for Constipation in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine associations between physical activity, dietary fiber intake, water and fluid intake, and constipation as well as other possible risk factors for constipation in adults.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4561 (1812 male and 2749 female) adults, aged between 18-65 years, living in Ankara, Turkey. Participants having three or fewer bowel movements per week were considered constipated. Dietary fiber and fluid intake data were ascertained from a 62-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was used to evaluate participant physical activity.Results: Of the total cohort, 16.6% were diagnosed with constipation (13.6% males, 18.5% females). Logistic regression analysis showed a significantly greater risk of constipation in participants with female gender, advancing age, being obese. Participants who were moderately active (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.91) and active (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59-0.90) had a decreased likelihood of constipation, when compared with inactive participants (p < 0.05). Participants in the middle upper quartile for water intake (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.57-0.88), had a decreased likelihood of constipation, when compared with participants in the lowest quartile. Participants in the middle upper quartile (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58-0.92) and the highest quartile for dietary fiber intake (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.52-0.84), had a decreased likelihood of constipation, when compared with participants in the lowest quartile (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Constipation is common in the Turkish adult population. Insufficient physical activity, decreasing fiber and water intake, obesity, advancing age and female gender were associated with increased constipation risks. Combining regular physical activity and increasing fiber and water intake may protect from constipation, and relieve constipation symptoms.

Association of Mediterranean diet and anthropometric measures with quality of life in coronary artery disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the Mediterranean diet (MD) and ideal body weight are associated with a reduction in the risk of chronic diseases, but their association with health-related quality of life (HRQL) is not clear. Objective: the aim of this study was to assess the association between adherence to MD and the HRQL and anthropometric measurements in coronary artery disease patients. Methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out in 55 women and 84 men who were diagnosed with coronary artery disease by a physician. Anthropometric indices were measured, MD adherence was evaluated with a 14-item questionnaire and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used for HRQL. Results: mean age in males was 63.0 ± 9.7 years and mean age in females was 63.1 ± 10.1 years. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 53.5% and 40.5%, respectively, in men and 14.5% and 83.6%, respectively, in women. Adherence to the MD was assessed and the median values were found statistically higher in male patients (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between MD and all physical component summary (PCS, its subscale) and most mental component summary (MCS) (except emotional role, social health subscale) (p < 0.05). Inverse significant associations were found between BMI, waist circumference, waist/height ratio, percent of body fat and both PCS and MCS (including most subscales). Conclusion: adoption of healthy dietary habits (adherence to the Mediterranean diet) by the participants and optimal anthropometric measurements may be considered as a possible contributor to HRQL.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la dieta mediterránea (DM) y el peso corporal ideal se asocian con una reducción en el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas, pero su asociación con la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) no está clara. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre la adherencia a la DM y la CVRS y las mediciones antropométricas en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Métodos: este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo en 55 mujeres y 84 hombres que fueron diagnosticados con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias por un médico. Se midieron los índices antropométricos, se evaluó la adherencia a la DM con un cuestionario de 14 ítems y se utilizó el cuestionario de salud SF-36 para la CVRS. Resultados: la edad media de los hombres fue de 63,0 ± 9,7 y la edad media de las mujeres fue de 63,1 ± 10,1. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue del 53,5% y 40,5%, respectivamente, en hombres y del 14,5% y 83,6%, respectivamente, en mujeres. Se evaluó la adherencia a la DM y los valores de la mediana fueron estadísticamente más altos en los pacientes varones (p < 0,05). Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa (p < 0,05) entre la DM y el resumen general del componente físico (PCS, subescala) y la mayor parte del resumen del componente mental (MCS), excepto el subpeso emocional y la subescala de salud social. Hubo una correlación negativa entre el IMC, la circunferencia de la cintura, la relación cintura/estatura, el porcentaje de grasa corporal y PCS y MCS (incluida la mayoría de las subescalas). Conclusión: la adopción de hábitos alimentarios saludables (adherencia a la dieta mediterránea) por parte de los participantes y las mediciones antropométricas óptimas pueden considerarse como un posible contribuyente a la CVRS.