Effect of Breaks in Prolonged Sitting or Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults With Excess Body Fat: A Crossover Trial.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed the effect of walking breaks or low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE) on markers of metabolic syndrome relative to a day of prolonged sitting. METHODS: Twenty-five adults with excess body fat participated in this crossover trial: (1) 10-hour sitting day (SIT), (2) LV-HIIE followed by a sitting day (EX+SIT), and (3) sitting day with 5-minute walking breaks for every 20 minutes (SIT+WB). Glucose and blood pressure (BP) were measured before and 1 hour after 4 meals and 2 hours after lunch. Triglycerides were measured at baseline, 2, and 3.5 hours after lunch. Generalized mixed models were used to identify differences in the area under the curve (AUC) of BP and incremental AUC (iAUC) of glucose and triglycerides among the sessions. RESULTS: iAUC-glucose was lower in SIT+WB than SIT (ß = -35.3 mg/dL·10 h; 95% confidence interval, -52.5 to -8.2). AUC-diastolic BP was lower in SIT+WB than SIT (ß = -14.1 mm Hg·10 h; 95% confidence interval, -26.5 to -1.6) and EX+SIT (ß = -14.5 mm Hg·10 h; 95% confidence interval, -26.9 to -2.1). There were no differences in triglycerides and systolic BP levels among the sessions. CONCLUSION: Adults with excess body fat present lower glucose and diastolic BP during a day with breaks in sitting time compared with a prolonged sitting day with or without an LV-HIIE session.

Appetite hormones in children and adolescents with cancer: a systematic review of observational studies.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition in children with cancer is a significant risk factor for negative outcomes, but in the clinical practice setting, it is difficult to pinpoint which factors operate to cause substantial weight loss and malnutrition in a given patient. Appetite-related hormones like ghrelin and leptin are among possible mediators. However, only few studies have examined the role of these hormones in pediatric patients with cancer to date. Thus, the purpose of this study was to systematically review possible changes in the levels of appetite hormones, specially leptin and ghrelin, in pediatric patients with cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We systematically reviewed the literature using PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo, as well as manual bibliographical reference search of the studies. According to the Medical Subject Headings of the National Library of Medicine (MeSH), "childhood cancer", "ghrelin" and "leptin" were used as descriptors. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review published in English, from 2000 to 2015. A total of 863 patients were evaluated, ages ranging from 0 to 21 years, and most of the studies reported on children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. Most studies analyzed leptin levels; only two studies evaluated levels of ghrelin. CONCLUSION: This review confirms that changes in the responses of the ghrelin and leptin hormones in children and adolescents with cancer are quite diverse, probably due to the different types of cancer observed, different treatments performed and biological characteristics of this age group.

Appetite hormones in children and adolescents with cancer: a systematic review of observational studies / Las hormonas del apetito en niños y adolescentes con cáncer: una revisión sistemática de los estudios observacionales

Introduction: Malnutrition in children with cancer is a significant risk factor for negative outcomes, but in the clinical practice setting, it is difficult to pinpoint which factors operate to cause substantial weight loss and malnutrition in a given patient. Appetite-related hormones like ghrelin and leptin are among possible mediators. However, only few studies have examined the role of these hormones in pediatric patients with cancer to date. Thus, the purpose of this study was to systematically review possible changes in the levels of appetite hormones, specially leptin and ghrelin, in pediatric patients with cancer. Material and methods: We systematically reviewed the literature using PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo, as well as manual bibliographical reference search of the studies. According to the Medical Subject Headings of the National Library of Medicine (MeSH), "childhood cancer", "ghrelin" and "leptin" were used as descriptors. Results: Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review published in English, from 2000 to 2015. A total of 863 patients were evaluated, ages ranging from 0 to 21 years, and most of the studies reported on children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. Most studies analyzed leptin levels; only two studies evaluated levels of ghrelin. Conclusion: This review confirms that changes in the responses of the ghrelin and leptin hormones in children and adolescents with cancer are quite diverse, probably due to the different types of cancer observed, different treatments performed and biological characteristics of this age group (AU)

Introducción: la desnutrición en niños con cáncer es un factor de riesgo significativo para resultados negativos, pero en la práctica clínica, es difícil determinar qué factores operan para causar pérdida de peso sustancial y desnutrición en un paciente dado. Entre los posibles mediadores están las hormonas relacionadas con el apetito como la grelina y la leptina. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, solo unos pocos estudios han examinado el papel de estas hormonas en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer. El propósito de este estudio fue revisar sistemáticamente los posibles cambios en los niveles de hormonas del apetito, especialmente la leptina y la grelina, en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer. Material y métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía empleando PubMed, Lilacs y Scielo, así como la búsqueda bibliográfica manual de referencia de los estudios. Según los encabezamientos médicos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (MeSH), "cáncer infantil", "grelina" y "leptina" se utilizaron como descriptores. Resultados: en esta revisión sistemática, se incluyeron 15 estudios publicados en ingles de 2000 a 2015. Fueron evaluados un total de 863 pacientes, con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 21 años, y la mayoría de los estudios informaron sobre niños y adolescentes supervivientes de leucemia linfoblastica aguda. La mayoría de los estudios analizaron los niveles de leptina y solo dos estudios evaluaron los niveles de grelina. Conclusión: esta revisión confirma que los cambios en las respuestas hormonales de la grelina y la leptina en niños y adolescentes con cáncer son muy diversos, probablemente debido a los diferentes tipos de cáncer observado, los diferentes tratamientos realizados y las características biológicas de este grupo de edad (AU)