ABSTRACT
Este texto busca fazer uma reflexão sobre as pesquisas sistematizadas no campo da infância, tendo como enfoque principal as estratégias de pesquisas com crianças. O recorte ao qual nos dedicamos são as relações que as crianças estabelecem com o meio, tendo como foco principal as suas espacialidades. A partir das contribuições de pesquisas que se aportam em estratégias de natureza qualitativas e fundamentadas nos aportes da teoria históricas cultural, elege-se o conceito de vivência (perejivanie) como mote em torno do qual nossos trabalhos são desenvolvidos. Para isso, traça-se, inicialmente, a origem da pesquisa com base em paradigmas positivistas e evidenciam-se alguns caminhos que buscaram romper com essa perspectiva: os postulados etnográficos de Malinovky e Boas; o Interacionismo simbólico, cujo precursor é George Herbert Mead; a Etnometodologia de Harold Garfinkel; as contribuições de Marx e os princípios estabelecidos por Vigotski e seus colaboradores.(AU)
This paper seeks to reflect on systematized research in the field of childhood, which primarily focuses research strategies with children. The main focus is on the relationships that children establish with the environment, specifically, their spatialities. Starting from the contributions of research that provide qualitative strategies and on the basis of the contributions of the cultural historical theory, we elect the concept of life experience (perezhivanie) as the main point, around which our study is developed. Therefore, the origin of research based on the positivist paradigm is traced and some paths that tried to break away from this perspective are suggested: the ethnographic hypotheses of Malinovsky and Boas; the symbolic interactionism, whose precursor is George Herbert Mead; the Ethnomethodology of Harold Garfinkel; the contributions of Marx and the principles laid down by Vygotsky and his collaborators.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child , ResearchABSTRACT
Este texto busca fazer uma reflexão sobre as pesquisas sistematizadas no campo da infância, tendo como enfoque principal as estratégias de pesquisas "com crianças". O recorte ao qual nos dedicamos são as relações que as crianças estabelecem com o meio, tendo como foco principal as suas espacialidades. A partir das contribuições de pesquisas que se aportam em estratégiasde natureza qualitativas e fundamentadas nos aportes da teoria históricas cultural, elege-se o conceito de vivência (perejivanie) como mote em torno do qual nossos trabalhos são desenvolvidos. Para isso, traça-se, inicialmente, a origem da pesquisa com base em paradigmas positivistas e evidenciam-se alguns caminhos que buscaram romper com essa perspectiva: os postulados etnográficos de Malinovky e Boas; o Interacionismo simbólico, cujo precursor é George Herbert Mead; a Etnometodologia de Harold Garfinkel; as contribuições de Marx e os princípios estabelecidos por Vigotski e seus colaboradores
This text seeks to reflect about the systematized research in the field of childhood, having as main focus the research strategies "with children". The main focus are the relationships that children establishes with the environment, specificly their spatialities. Starting from the contributions of researches that provide strategies of qualitative nature and based on the contributions of the cultural historical theory, we elect the concept of vivência (perejivanie) as main point around which our works are developed. To do this, start tracing the origin of researches based on positivist paradigms and suggest some paths trying to break away from this perspectives: the ethnographic postulates of Malinovsky and Good; the symbolic interactionism, whose precursor is George Herbert Mead; the Ethnomethodology of Harold Garfinkel; the contributions of Marx and the principles laid down by Vygotsky and his collaborators
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , ResearchABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies in the northeastern region of Brazil show an association between hypertension and malnutrition, especially in areas where protein-deficient diets are combined with high salt intake. AIMS OF STUDY: We studied the consequences of a widely consumed deficient diet (basic regional diet, BRD), combined with high NaCl, on growth, renal Na+ and water handling and activities of ATP-dependent Na+ transporters in kidney proximal tubules. METHODS: Young rats were fed after weaning with a low-protein and high-salt diet, which mimics that used in a vast region of Brazil. Body mass was evaluated from weaning up to the 19th week of age. Glomerular filtration rate, proximal Na+ reabsorption, distal Na+ delivery, urinary excretion of Na+ and water, and urine concentration capacity were evaluated from serum and urine concentrations of creatinine, Na+ and Li+, and by measurement of urinary volume and density. The (Na+ + K+)ATPase and the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase were studied in vitro by measuring ATP hydrolysis. Expression of (Na+ + K+)ATPase was evaluated by immunodetection with the use of a specific antibody anti alpha1-catalytic subunit isoform. RESULTS: Undernourished rats reached early adulthood (14 weeks) with body and renal masses that were 2.3 times lower than controls. These rats became hypertensive (mean arterial pressure 18.7 +/- 0.6 kPa vs 15.5 +/- 0.9 kPa in control group) and showed augmented fractional proximal Na+ reabsorption (61.0 +/- 0.3% vs 81.8 +/- 2.2%) with a concomitant decrease in distal Na+ delivery (9.5 +/- 0.5 micromol/min vs 14.0 +/- 0.2 micromol/min per 100 g body weight). Urinary Na+ excretion was higher in BRD rats, (juvenile and adult) being however twice the increase in Na+ intake. The ATP-dependent Na+ transporters were affected in opposite ways. The (Na+ + K+)ATPase activity from undernourished rats fell by 30%, in parallel with a 20% decrease in its immunodetection, whereas the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase, which is responsible for the fine-tune control of Na+ reabsorption, increased threefold. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that early alterations in proximal tubule Na+ pumps, together with an abnormally augmented urinary Na+ excretion, might be the link between undernutrition and late renal dysfunction.
