Developmental Changes in the ECG of a Hamster Model of Muscular Dystrophy and Heart Failure.

Aberrant autonomic signaling is being increasingly recognized as an important symptom in neuromuscular disorders. The δ-sarcoglycan-deficient BIO TO-2 hamster is recognized as a good model for studying mechanistic pathways and sequelae in muscular dystrophy and heart failure, including autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. Recent studies using the TO-2 hamster model have provided promising preclinical results demonstrating the efficacy of gene therapy to treat skeletal muscle weakness and heart failure. Methods to accelerate preclinical testing of gene therapy and new drugs for neuromuscular diseases are urgently needed. The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate a rapid non-invasive screen for characterizing the ANS imbalance in dystrophic TO-2 hamsters. Electrocardiograms were recorded non-invasively in conscious ∼9-month old TO-2 hamsters (n = 10) and non-myopathic F1B control hamsters (n = 10). Heart rate was higher in TO-2 hamsters than controls (453 ± 12 bpm vs. 311 ± 25 bpm, P < 0.01). Time domain heart rate variability, an index of parasympathetic tone, was lower in TO-2 hamsters (12.2 ± 3.7 bpm vs. 38.2 ± 6.8, P < 0.05), as was the coefficient of variance of the RR interval (2.8 ± 0.9% vs. 16.2 ± 3.4%, P < 0.05) compared to control hamsters. Power spectral analysis demonstrated reduced high frequency and low frequency contributions, indicating autonomic imbalance with increased sympathetic tone and decreased parasympathetic tone in dystrophic TO-2 hamsters. Similar observations in newborn hamsters indicate autonomic nervous dysfunction may occur quite early in life in neuromuscular diseases. Our findings of autonomic abnormalities in newborn hamsters with a mutation in the δ-sarcoglycan gene suggest approaches to correct modulation of the heart rate as prevention or therapy for muscular dystrophies.

Gait disturbances in dystrophic hamsters.

The delta-sarcoglycan-deficient hamster is an excellent model to study muscular dystrophy. Gait disturbances, important clinically, have not been described in this animal model. We applied ventral plane videography (DigiGait) to analyze gait in BIO TO-2 dystrophic and BIO F1B control hamsters walking on a transparent treadmill belt. Stride length was ∼13% shorter (P < .05) in TO-2 hamsters at 9 months of age compared to F1B hamsters. Hindlimb propulsion duration, an indicator of muscle strength, was shorter in 9-month-old TO-2 (247 ± 8 ms) compared to F1B hamsters (272 ± 11 ms; P < .05). Braking duration, reflecting generation of ground reaction forces, was delayed in 9-month-old TO-2 (147 ± 6 ms) compared to F1B hamsters (126 ± 8 ms; P < .05). Hindpaw eversion, evidence of muscle weakness, was greater in 9-month-old TO-2 than in F1B hamsters (17.7 ± 1.2° versus 8.7 ± 1.6°; P < .05). Incline and decline walking aggravated gait disturbances in TO-2 hamsters at 3 months of age. Several gait deficits were apparent in TO-2 hamsters at 1 month of age. Quantitative gait analysis demonstrates that dystrophic TO-2 hamsters recapitulate functional aspects of human muscular dystrophy. Early detection of gait abnormalities in a convenient animal model may accelerate the development of therapies for muscular dystrophy.

Plasma coenzyme Q10 response to oral ingestion of coenzyme Q10 formulations.

Plasma coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) response to oral ingestion of various CoQ10 formulations was examined. Both total plasma CoQ10 and net increase over baseline CoQ10 concentrations show a gradual increase with increasing doses of CoQ10. Plasma CoQ10 concentrations plateau at a dose of 2400 mg using one specific chewable tablet formulation. The efficiency of absorption decreases as the dose increases. About 95% of circulating CoQ10 occurs as ubiquinol, with no appreciable change in the ratio following CoQ10 ingestion. Higher plasma CoQ10 concentrations are necessary to facilitate uptake by peripheral tissues and also the brain. Solubilized formulations of CoQ10 (both ubiquinone and ubiquinol) have superior bioavailability as evidenced by their enhanced plasma CoQ10 responses.

Assessment of coenzyme Q10 absorption using an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model.

The feasibility of using a coupled in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell uptake as a model for examining the digestive stability and absorption of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) from a variety of commercially available CoQ10 products was examined. The products were first subjected to simulated digestion to mimic their passage through the GI tract to generate micelles containing CoQ10, and the micelle fractions added to monolayers of Caco-2 cells to determine CoQ10 uptake. The data demonstrate enhanced uptake of CoQ10 from formulations containing solubilized forms of CoQ10 and also from a CoQ10-gamma-cyclodextrin complex as compared with pure CoQ10 powder or tablets based on CoQ10 powder. The CoQ10 uptake by the cells was correlated with the extent of micellarization of CoQ10 during simulated digestion. Most of CoQ10 taken up by the cells was converted to ubiquinol either during or following uptake. The data also indicate a correlation between in vitro dissolution of CoQ10 products and uptake of CoQ10 by Caco-2 cells. Thus, this study demonstrates the utility of coupled in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model as a cost-effective screening tool that will provide useful information for the optimal design of human trials to assess the bioavailability of CoQ10 and also other bioactive compounds.

Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics.

Available data on the absorption, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are reviewed in this paper. CoQ10 has a fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics. CoQ10 is also an important antioxidant. Because of its hydrophobicity and large molecular weight, absorption of dietary CoQ10 is slow and limited. In the case of dietary supplements, solubilized CoQ10 formulations show enhanced bioavailability. The T(max) is around 6 h, with an elimination half-life of about 33 h. The reference intervals for plasma CoQ10 range from 0.40 to 1.91 micromol/l in healthy adults. With CoQ10 supplements there is reasonable correlation between increase in plasma CoQ10 and ingested dose up to a certain point. Animal data show that CoQ10 in large doses is taken up by all tissues including heart and brain mitochondria. This has implications for therapeutic applications in human diseases, and there is evidence for its beneficial effect in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. CoQ10 has an excellent safety record.

Potential role of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in pediatric cardiomyopathy.

Pediatric cardiomyopathy (PCM) represents a group of rare and heterogeneous disorders that often results in death. While there is a large body of literature on adult cardiomyopathy, all of the information is not necessarily relevant to children with PCM. About 40% of children who present with symptomatic cardiomyopathy are reported to receive a heart transplant or die within the first two years of life. In spite of some of the advances in the management of PCM, the data shows that the time to transplantation or death has not improved during the past 35 years. Coenzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like nutrient that has a fundamental role in mitochondrial function, especially as it relates to the production of energy (ATP) and also as an antioxidant. Based upon the biochemical rationale and a large body of data on patients with adult cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and mitochondrial diseases with heart involvement, a role for coenzyme Q10 therapy in PCM patients is indicated, and preliminary results are promising. Additional studies on the potential usefulness of coenzyme Q10 supplementation as an adjunct to conventional therapy in PCM, particularly in children with dilated cardiomyopathy, are therefore warranted.

Bioavailability assessment of oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in dogs.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the bioavailability of three coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) formulations in dogs using an open, randomized, multiple-dose crossover design. The formulations included a powder-filled capsule (A, control) and two soft gelatin formulations (Q-Gel as the water-miscible form of CoQ10, B and Q-Nol as the water-miscible form of ubiquinol, the reduced form of CoQ10, C). Formulations were evaluated in pairs, allowing a washout period of 14 days prior to crossing over. Blood samples were collected from each animal prior to dosing to determine the endogenous plasma CoQ10 concentrations. Serial blood samples were collected for 72 hr and plasma CoQ10 concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma concentration-time profiles were corrected for endogenous CoQ10 concentrations. Results showed that the relative bioavailabilities of formulations B and C were approximately 3.6 and 6.2-fold higher than that of control formulation A. The AUC(microgram.hr/mL) +/- SD, Cmax(microgram/mL) +/- SD, and Tmax(hr) +/- SD for formulations A, B, and C were 1.695 +/- 0.06, 6.097 +/- 0.08, and 10.510 +/- 0.10; 0.096 +/- 0.035, 0.169 +/- 0.038, and 0.402 +/- 0.102; and 4.2 +/- 1.48, 4.1 +/- 1.57, and 4.5 +/- 0.58, respectively. While no significant differences were observed between Tmax values of the three formulations, the AUC and Cmax values for formulations B and C were significantly higher than those of the control (p < 0.05). The present investigation demonstrates that soft gelatin capsules containing water-miscible CoQ10 formulations B (Q-Gel) and C (Q-Nol) are superior to powder-filled formulations with regard to their biopharmaceutical characteristics.