ABSTRACT
The treatment of cancer has remarkably improved because of increased knowledge of the abnormalities at the molecular level, which results in human cancer growth. This has initiated the development of ever more successful as well as effective targeted cancer therapies. Detection of cancer is diagnosed basically by performing routine biopsy/cytology, which has many drawbacks. Therefore, the concept of liquid biopsy has been introduced to oncology, which has the potential to revolutionise the management of cancer patients, eliminating the invasive procedures needed to obtain tissue samples and provide information. Liquid biopsy is the analysis of tumour cells or tumour cell products obtained from blood or other body fluids, providing a broad range of opportunities in the field of pathology. Here, we focus on the most prominent liquid biopsy markers, circulating tumour cells and circulating tumour-derived deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in the blood of patients. In this review, we discuss recent clinical studies on these biomarkers for early detection and prognostication of cancer, which helps in successful management. Hence, liquid biopsy is introduced with great promise for personalised medicine because of its ability to provide multiple non-invasive snapshots of the primary and metastatic tumours.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Admantinoma is second most common benign odontogenic tumor which clinically appears as an aggressive odontogenic tumor, often asymptomatic and slow growing, associated with symptoms such as swelling, dental malocclusion, pain, and paresthesia of the affected area. The radiographic appearance may vary from unilocular to multilocular radiolucencies, imparting a characteristic honey comb, soap bubble appearance or may resemble a caricature of spider. CASE REPORT: This report highlights the importance of conventional and advanced imaging in the diagnosis of large and invasive lesions. Patient reported with complaint of swelling in jaw, which progressively increased; and was found to be bony hard, both intra- and extraorally. Radiographs revealed large multilocular radiolucency on left body and ramus of mandible with soap bubble pattern and knife edged root resorption. Computed tomographic examination evaluated the extent of the lesion, internal structure, and relation to adjacent structures; further a reconstructed image was obtained to evaluate extent of destruction in three dimensions. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography has an important role in the diagnosis and treatment planning is imperative as it is superior in revealing the cortical destruction and extension into the neighboring soft tissues than conventional radiography.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: The calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), also referred to as calcifying ghost cell odontogenic cyst (CGCOC) is a heterogeneous lesion existing either as cystic or solid variant. Due to the fact that all CGCOC lesions are not cystic, and the biological behavior is often not consistent with a cyst, there has always been a controversy as to whether COC is a cyst or a tumor. The dentinogenic ghost-cell tumor (DGCT), a solid variant of the COC, is an uncommon odontogenic neoplasm occurring predominantly in later life. Case report is followed by a concise review and disambiguation of controversial terminologies regarding nomenclature of COC. CASE REPORT: We report a case of 33-year-old female patient who presented with an insidious, steadily increasing swelling on the left side of her face since 8 months. Patient reported slight difficulty in eating because of reduced intraoral space and an obvious concern with facial disfigurement. There was no contributory dental or medical history. Intraorally, a hard, well defined, bicortical swelling was noted in left maxillary region with slight mobility of the associated teeth and normal appearing overlying mucosa. A provisional diagnosis of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor was made, and orthopantomogram, paranasal sinus radiograph and computed tomograpy scan of the face were acquired. A radiographic diagnosis of COC was made, which was subsequently confirmed on histopathology postenucleation of the tumor mass. COC has been seen to be of extensive diversity in its clinical and histopathological features as well as in its biological behavior. CONCLUSION: The present case of 33-year-old female was diagnosed as DGCT, a tumorous form of COC, due to its characteristic histological features; numerous ghost cells and dentinoid material.
