Dynamic integration of land use changes in a hydrologic assessment of a rapidly developing Indian catchment.

Rapid land use and land-cover changes strongly affect water resources. Particularly in regions that experience seasonal water scarcity, land use scenario assessments provide a valuable basis for the evaluation of possible future water shortages. The objective of this study is to dynamically integrate land use model projections with a hydrologic model to analyze potential future impacts of land use change on the water resources of a rapidly developing catchment upstream of Pune, India. For the first time projections from the urban growth and land use change model SLEUTH are employed as a dynamic input to the hydrologic model SWAT. By this means, impacts of land use changes on the water balance components are assessed for the near future (2009-2028) employing four different climate conditions (baseline, IPCC A1B, dry, wet). The land use change modeling results in an increase of urban area by +23.1% at the fringes of Pune and by +12.2% in the upper catchment, whereas agricultural land (-14.0% and -0.3%, respectively) and semi-natural area (-9.1% and -11.9%, respectively) decrease between 2009 and 2028. Under baseline climate conditions, these land use changes induce seasonal changes in the water balance components. Water yield particularly increases at the onset of monsoon (up to +11.0mm per month) due to increased impervious area, whereas evapotranspiration decreases in the dry season (up to -15.1mm per month) as a result of the loss of irrigated agricultural area. As the projections are made for the near future (2009-2028) land use change impacts are similar under IPCC A1B climate conditions. Only if more extreme dry years occur, an exacerbation of the land use change impacts can be expected. Particularly in rapidly changing environments an implementation of both dynamic land use change and climate change seems favorable to assess seasonal and gradual changes in the water balance.

Biodegradation of Various Aromatic Compounds by Enriched Bacterial Cultures: Part A-Monocyclic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

Present study focused on the screening of bacterial consortium for biodegradation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (MAH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Target compounds in the present study were naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene (PAHs), and benzene (MAH). Microbial consortia enriched with the above target compounds were used in screening experiments. Naphthalene-enriched consortium was found to be the most efficient consortium, based on its substrate degradation rate and its ability to degrade other aromatic pollutants with significantly high efficiency. Substrate degradation rate with naphthalene-enriched culture followed the order benzene > naphthalene > acenaphthene > phenanthrene. Chryseobacterium and Rhodobacter were discerned as the predominant species in naphthalene-enriched culture. They are closely associated to the type strain Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae and Rhodobacter maris, respectively. Single substrate biodegradation studies with naphthalene (PAH) and benzene (MAH) were carried out using naphthalene-enriched microbial consortium (NAPH). Phenol and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde were identified as the predominant intermediates during benzene and naphthalene degradation, respectively. Biodegradation of toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, phenol, and indole by NAPH was also investigated. Monod inhibition model was able to simulate biodegradation kinetics for benzene, whereas multiple substrate biodegradation model was able to simulate biodegradation kinetics for naphthalene.

Biodegradation of Various Aromatic Compounds by Enriched Bacterial Cultures: Part B--Nitrogen-, Sulfur-, and Oxygen-Containing Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds.

Present study focused on the biodegradation of various heterocyclic nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (NSO) compounds using naphthalene-enriched culture. Target compounds in the study were pyridine, quinoline, benzothiophene, and benzofuran. Screening studies were carried out using different microbial consortia enriched with specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and NSO compounds. Among different microbial consortia, naphthalene-enriched culture was the most efficient consortium based on high substrate degradation rate. Substrate degradation rate with naphthalene-enriched culture followed the order pyridine > quinoline > benzofuran > benzothiophene. Benzothiophene and benzofuran were found to be highly recalcitrant pollutants. Benzothiophene could not be biodegraded when concentration was above 50 mg/l. It was observed that 2-(1H)-quinolinone, benzothiophene-2-one, and benzofuran-2,3-dione were formed as metabolic intermediates during biodegradation of quinoline, benzothiophene, and benzofuran, respectively. Quinoline-N and pyridine-N were transformed into free ammonium ions during the biodegradation process. Biodegradation pathways for various NSO compounds are proposed. Monod inhibition model was able to simulate single substrate biodegradation kinetics satisfactorily. Benzothiophene and benzofuran biodegradation kinetics, in presence of acetone, was simulated using a generalized multi-substrate model.

Biodegradation of chlorinated and non-chlorinated VOCs from pharmaceutical industries.

Biodegradation studies were conducted for major organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, acetonitrile, toluene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride commonly used in pharmaceutical industries. Various microbial isolates were enriched and screened for their biodegradation potential. An aerobic mixed culture that had been previously enriched for biodegradation of mixed pesticides was found to be the most effective. All the organic solvents except chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were consumed as primary substrates by this mixed culture. Biodegradation rates of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and toluene were measured individually in batch systems. Haldane model was found to best fit the kinetics of biodegradation. Biokinetic parameters estimated from single-substrate experiments were utilized to simulate the kinetics of biodegradation of mixture of substrates. Among the various models available for simulating the kinetics of biodegradation of multi-substrate systems, competitive inhibition model performed the best. Performance of the models was evaluated statistically using the dimensionless modified coefficient of efficiency (E). This model was used for simulating the kinetics of biodegradation in binary, ternary, and quaternary substrate systems. This study also reports batch experiments on co-metabolic biodegradation of chloroform, with acetone and toluene as primary substrates. The Haldane model, modified for inhibition due to chloroform, could satisfactorily predict the biodegradation of primary substrate, chloroform, and the microbial growth.

Experimental and mathematical modeling studies on Cr(VI) reduction by CRB, SRB and IRB, individually and in combination.

Cr(VI) reduction studies were carried out with chromium reducing bacteria (CRB), sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron reducing bacteria (IRB), individually and in combination. Biokinetic parameters such as maximum specific growth rate (micro(max)), half saturation constant (K(s)), yield coefficient (Y(T)) and inhibition coefficient (K(i)) for individual cultures were evaluated. A mathematical model was proposed for simulating the chromium reduction, COD utilization and biomass growth, by individual cultures as well as by a combination of two or three different cultures, for different initial Cr(VI), SO(4)(2-) and Fe(III) concentrations. The biokinetic parameters evaluated from one set of experiments for individual cultures were utilized in all the validation studies. The performance of the mathematical model in terms of the dimensionless modified coefficient of efficiency (E) indicated that the proposed model simulates the system behavior very well.

Development and validation of a model of bio-barriers for remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated aquifers using laboratory column experiments.

Bench scale transport and biotransformation experiments and mathematical model simulations were carried out to study the effectiveness of bio-barriers for the containment of hexavalent chromium in contaminated confined aquifers. Experimental results showed that a 10cm thick bio-barrier with an initial biomass concentration of 0.205mg/g of soil was able to completely contain a Cr(VI) plume of 25mg/L concentration. It was also observed that pore water velocity and initial biomass concentration are the most significant parameters in the containment of Cr(VI). The mathematical model developed is based on one-dimensional advection-dispersion reaction equations for Cr(VI) and molasses in saturated, homogeneous porous medium. The transport of Cr(VI) and molasses is coupled with adsorption and Monod's inhibition kinetics for immobile bacteria. It was found that, in general, the model was able to simulate the experimental results satisfactorily. However, there was disparity between the numerically simulated and experimental breakthrough curves for Cr(VI) and molasses in cases where there was high clay content and high microbial activity. The mathematical model could contribute towards improved designs of future bio-barriers for the remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated aquifers.