ERCP within 6 or 12 h for acute cholangitis: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The optimal timing of biliary drainage by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for patients with acute cholangitis remains controversial. The aim of our study was to determine if ERCP performed within 6 or 12 h of presentation was associated with improved clinical outcomes. METHODS: Medical records for all patients with acute cholangitis who underwent ERCP at our institution between 2009 and 2018 were reviewed. Outcomes were compared between those who underwent ERCP within or after 12 h using propensity score framework. Our primary outcome was length of hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, adverse events, ERCP failure, length of ICU stay, organ failure, recurrent cholangitis, and 30-day readmission. In secondary analysis, outcomes for ERCP done within or after 6 h were also compared. RESULTS: During study period, 487 patients with cholangitis were identified, of whom 147 had ERCP within 12 h of presentation. Using propensity score matching, we selected 145 pairs of patients with similar characteristics. Length of hospitalization was similar between ERCP within or after 12 h (135.9 vs 122.1 h, p 0.094). No difference was noted in mortality, ERCP failure, adverse events, need and length of ICU stay, and recurrent cholangitis. However, 30-day readmission rates were lower when ERCP within 12 h (7.6 vs 15.2, p 0.042). No significant difference was noted in aforementioned outcomes between ERCP performed within or after 6 h. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP performed within 6 h or 12 h of presentation was not associated with superior clinical outcomes, however, may result in reduced re-hospitalization.

Preloaded 22-gauge fine-needle system facilitates placement of a higher number of fiducials for image-guided radiation therapy compared with traditional backloaded 19-gauge approach.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) often relies on EUS-guided fiducial markers. Previously used manually backloaded fiducial needles have multiple potential limitations including safety and efficiency concerns. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy, feasibility, and safety of EUS-guided placement of gold fiducials using a novel preloaded 22-gauge needle compared with a traditional, backloaded 19-gauge needle. METHODS: This was a single-center comparative cohort study. Patients with pancreatic and hepatobiliary malignancy who underwent EUS-guided fiducial placement (EUS-FP) between October 2014 and February 2018 were included. The main outcome was the technical success of fiducial placement. Secondary outcomes were mean procedure time, fiducial visibility during IGRT, technical success of IGRT delivery, and adverse events. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients underwent EUS-FP during the study period. Of these, 111 patients had successful placement of a minimum of 2 fiducials. Fifty-six patients underwent placement using a backloaded 19-gauge needle and 58 patients underwent placement using a 22-gauge preloaded needle. The mean number of fiducials placed successfully at the target site was significantly higher in the 22-gauge group compared with the 19-gauge group (3.53 ± .96 vs 3.11 ± .61, respectively; P = .006). In the 22-gauge group, the clinical goal of placing 4 fiducials was achieved in 78%, compared with 23% in the 19-gauge group (P < .001). In univariate analyses, gender, age, procedure time, tumor size, and location did not influence the number of successfully placed fiducials. Technical success of IGRT with fiducial tracking was high in both the 19-gauge (51/56, 91%) and the 22-gauge group (47/58, 81%; P = .12). CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FP using a preloaded 22-gauge needle is feasible, effective, and safe and allows for a higher number of fiducials placed when compared with the traditional backloaded 19-gauge needle.

Effectiveness of a Deep-learning Polyp Detection System in Prospectively Collected Colonoscopy Videos With Variable Bowel Preparation Quality.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is the gold standard for polyp detection, but polyps may be missed. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies may assist in polyp detection. To date, most studies for polyp detection have validated algorithms in ideal endoscopic conditions. AIM: To evaluate the performance of a deep-learning algorithm for polyp detection in a real-world setting of routine colonoscopy with variable bowel preparation quality. METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-center study of 50 consecutive patients referred for colonoscopy. Procedural videos were analyzed by a validated deep-learning AI polyp detection software that labeled suspected polyps. Videos were then re-read by 5 experienced endoscopists to categorize all possible polyps identified by the endoscopist and/or AI, and to measure Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. RESULTS: In total, 55 polyps were detected and removed by the endoscopist. The AI system identified 401 possible polyps. A total of 100 (24.9%) were categorized as "definite polyps;" 53/100 were identified and removed by the endoscopist. A total of 63 (15.6%) were categorized as "possible polyps" and were not removed by the endoscopist. In total, 238/401 were categorized as false positives. Two polyps identified by the endoscopist were missed by AI (false negatives). The sensitivity of AI for polyp detection was 98.8%, the positive predictive value was 40.6%. The polyp detection rate for the endoscopist was 62% versus 82% for the AI system. Mean segmental Boston Bowel Preparation Scale were similar (2.64, 2.59, P=0.47) for true and false positives, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A deep-learning algorithm can function effectively to detect polyps in a prospectively collected series of colonoscopies, even in the setting of variable preparation quality.

Safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technically challenging procedure rarely associated with severe postprocedure complications. Hormonal changes during pregnancy promote cholelithiasis, but there are limited clinical data available on the outcomes of ERCP in pregnant women. ERCP techniques without irradiation were recently introduced as potential alternative. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety of ERCP in pregnancy and to compare outcomes of radiation versus nonradiation ERCP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Medline/Ovid, Web of Science, and Google Scholar through April 18th, 2018 using PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines identified 27 studies reporting the outcomes of ERCP in pregnancy. Random effects pooled event rate and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Heterogeneity was measured by I2, and meta-regression analysis was conducted. Adverse outcomes were divided into fetal, maternal pregnancy-related, and maternal nonpregnancy-related. RESULTS: In all, 27 studies reporting on 1,307 pregnant patients who underwent ERCP were identified. Median age was 27.1 years. All results were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The pooled event rate for overall adverse outcomes was 15.9% (95% CI = 0.132-0.191) in all studies combined, 17.6% (95% CI = 0.109-0.272) in nonradiation ERCP (NR-ERCP) subgroup and 21.6% (95% CI = 0.154-0.294) in radiation ERCP subgroup. There was no significant difference in the pooled event rate for fetal adverse outcomes in NR-ERCP 6.2% (95% CI = 0.027-0.137) versus 5.2% (95% CI = 0.026-0.101) in radiation ERCP group. There was no significant difference in maternal pregnancy-related adverse outcome event rate between NR-ERCP (8.4%) (95% CI = 0.038-0.173) and radiation ERCP (7.1%) (95% CI = 0.039-0.125). Maternal nonpregnancy-related adverse outcome event rate in NR-ERCP was 7.6% (95% CI = 0.038-0.145), which was half the event rate in radiation ERCP group of 14.9% (95% CI = 0.102-0.211). CONCLUSIONS: ERCP done by experienced endoscopists is a safe procedure during pregnancy. Radiation-free techniques appear to reduce the rates of nonpregnancy-related complications, but not of fetal and pregnancy-related complications.

Real-time automatic detection system increases colonoscopic polyp and adenoma detection rates: a prospective randomised controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of colonoscopy on colorectal cancer mortality is limited by several factors, among them a certain miss rate, leading to limited adenoma detection rates (ADRs). We investigated the effect of an automatic polyp detection system based on deep learning on polyp detection rate and ADR. DESIGN: In an open, non-blinded trial, consecutive patients were prospectively randomised to undergo diagnostic colonoscopy with or without assistance of a real-time automatic polyp detection system providing a simultaneous visual notice and sound alarm on polyp detection. The primary outcome was ADR. RESULTS: Of 1058 patients included, 536 were randomised to standard colonoscopy, and 522 were randomised to colonoscopy with computer-aided diagnosis. The artificial intelligence (AI) system significantly increased ADR (29.1%vs20.3%, p<0.001) and the mean number of adenomas per patient (0.53vs0.31, p<0.001). This was due to a higher number of diminutive adenomas found (185vs102; p<0.001), while there was no statistical difference in larger adenomas (77vs58, p=0.075). In addition, the number of hyperplastic polyps was also significantly increased (114vs52, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a low prevalent ADR population, an automatic polyp detection system during colonoscopy resulted in a significant increase in the number of diminutive adenomas detected, as well as an increase in the rate of hyperplastic polyps. The cost-benefit ratio of such effects has to be determined further. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR-DDD-17012221; Results.

Prospective assessment of the effectiveness of standard high-level disinfection for echoendoscopes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Duodenoscopes have been implicated in the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Echoendoscopes could potentially transmit infection. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of standard high-level disinfection (HLD) for radial and linear echoendoscopes and to compare it with that of duodenoscopes. METHODS: We performed a prospective single-center study sampling echoendoscopes immediately before use, from the working channel (radial and linear echoendoscopes) and the transducer (radial echoendoscope) or elevator mechanism and transducer (linear echoendoscope). The primary outcome was the proportion of echoendoscopes with any culture showing ≥1 MDRO; secondary outcomes included bacterial growth >0 colony forming units (CFUs) and ≥10 CFUs on either sampling location. We compared these findings with duodenoscope cultures from the previously published DISINFECTS trial. RESULTS: During the study period, 101 echoendoscopes were sampled (n = 50 radial echoendoscopes, n = 51 linear echoendoscopes). No MDROs were recovered. Bacterial growth >0 CFUs was noted in 6% and ≥10 CFUs in 3% of all echoendoscopes. There was no significant difference in growth between radial and linear echoendoscopes (P = .4 for >0 CFU growth; P = .6 for ≥10 CFUs growth). The proportion of transducer and/or elevator mechanism positive for bacterial growth was significantly higher in duodenoscopes as compared with echoendoscopes (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: After standard HLD, no echoendoscope showed MDRO growth, 6% showed >0 CFUs, and 3% showed ≥10 CFUs bacterial growth. Bacterial growth was higher in duodenoscopes at the level of the transducer and/or elevator mechanism when compared with echoendoscopes.

Role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease.

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) constitute the two most common phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ileocolonoscopy with biopsy has been considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of IBD. Differential diagnosis of CD and UC is important, as their medical and surgical treatment modalities and prognoses can be different. However, approximately 15% of patients with IBD are misdiagnosed as IBD unclassified due to the lack of diagnostic certainty of CD or UC. Recently, there has been increased recognition of the role of the therapeutic endoscopist in the field of IBD. Newer imaging techniques have been developed to aid in the differentiation of UC vs CD. Furthermore, endoscopic balloon dilation and stenting have become an integral part of the therapeutic armamentarium of CD stricture management. Endoscopic ultrasound has been recognized as being more accurate than magnetic resonance imaging in detecting perianal fistulae in patients with CD. Additionally, chromoendoscopy may help to detect dysplasia earlier compared with white-light colonoscopy. Hence, interventional endoscopy has become a cornerstone in the diagnosis, treatment and management of IBD complications. The role of endoscopy in the field of IBD has significantly evolved in recent years from small-bowel imaging to endoscopic balloon dilation and use of chormoendoscopy in dysplasia surveillance. In this review article, we discuss the current evidence on interventional endoscopy in the diagnosis, treatment and management of IBD compications.

Current status of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation.

Clinical-nutritional autonomy is the ultimate goal of patients with intestinal failure (IF). Traditionally, patients with IF have been relegated to lifelong parenteral nutrition (PN) once surgical and medical rehabilitation attempts at intestinal adaptation have failed. Over the past two decades, however, outcome improvements in intestinal transplantation have added another dimension to the therapeutic armamentarium in the field of gut rehabilitation. This has become possible through relentless efforts in the standardization of surgical techniques, advancements in immunosuppressive therapies and induction protocols and improvement in postoperative patient care. Four types of intestinal transplants include isolated small bowel transplant, liver-small bowel transplant, multivisceral transplant and modified multivisceral transplant. Current guidelines restrict intestinal transplantation to patients who have had significant complications from PN including liver failure and repeated infections. From an experimental stage to the currently established therapeutic modality for patients with advanced IF, outcome improvements have also been possible due to the introduction of tacrolimus in the early 1990s. Studies have shown that intestinal transplant is cost-effective within 1-3 years of graft survival compared with PN. Improved survival and quality of life as well as resumption of an oral diet should enable intestinal transplantation to be an important option for patients with IF in addition to continued rehabilitation. Future research should focus on detecting biomarkers of early rejection, enhanced immunosuppression protocols, improved postoperative care and early referral to transplant centers.

Update on the management of intestinal failure.

Intestinal failure is a serious complication of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, mesenteric ischemia, and radiation enteritis--and of extensive bowel resection performed because of these diseases. Imbalances of fluids and electrolytes and poor nutritional status manifest as chronic diarrhea or increased ostomy output. Prompt referral to a center specializing in intestinal rehabilitation is key to achieving nutritional homeostasis and, in some cases, can help the patient return to oral food intake. We review the intestinal sequelae of bowel resection and provide an update on intestinal rehabilitation with dietary modification, drug therapy, and parenteral nutrition. We also review current experience with intestinal transplant, a potentially lifesaving option in select patients when intestinal rehabilitation fails or parenteral nutrition causes severe complications.

Malnutrition: laboratory markers vs nutritional assessment.

Malnutrition is an independent risk factor for patient morbidity and mortality and is associated with increased healthcare-related costs. However, a major dilemma exists due to lack of a unified definition for the term. Furthermore, there are no standard methods for screening and diagnosing patients with malnutrition, leading to confusion and varying practices among physicians across the world. The role of inflammation as a risk factor for malnutrition has also been recently recognized. Historically, serum proteins such as albumin and prealbumin (PAB) have been widely used by physicians to determine patient nutritional status. However, recent focus has been on an appropriate nutrition-focused physical examination (NFPE) for diagnosing malnutrition. The current consensus is that laboratory markers are not reliable by themselves but could be used as a complement to a thorough physical examination. Future studies are needed to identify serum biomarkers in order to diagnose malnutrition unaffected by inflammatory states and have the advantage of being noninvasive and relatively cost-effective. However, a thorough NFPE has an unprecedented role in diagnosing malnutrition.

Management of gastroparesis-associated malnutrition.

Gastroparesis (GP) is a chronic debilitating dysmotility characterized by unrelenting nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety, postprandial fullness and abdominal pain. Patients with GP experience other associated conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric bezoars and small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Furthermore, GP is associated with poor quality of life, increased emergency room visits, hospitalizations and subsequent increased healthcare costs. Currently, the managements of GP consist of glycemic control, antiemetics, prokinetics and the use of gastric electrical stimulation. However, most GP patients are at risk for significant nutritional abnormalities. As such, it is essential to screen and diagnose malnutrition in these patients. Poor oral intake in such patients could be supplemented by enteral tube feeding. Parenteral nutrition, although a last resort, is associated with a number of complications and should be used only for the short term. In summary, a systematic approach including initial nutritional screening, diet recommendations, medical therapy, nutritional re-evaluation and enteral and parental nutrition should be considered in complex GP patients.

Should perioperative immunonutrition for elective surgery be the current standard of care?

Postoperative infectious complications are independently associated with increased hospital length of stay (LOS) and cost and contribute to significant inpatient morbidity. Many strategies such as avoidance of long periods of preoperative fasting, re-establishment of oral feeding as early as possible after surgery, metabolic control and early mobilization have been used to either prevent or reduce the incidence of postoperative infections. Despite these efforts, it remains a big challenge to our current healthcare system to mitigate the cost of postoperative morbidity. Furthermore, preoperative nutritional status has also been implicated as an independent risk factor for postoperative morbidity. Perioperative nutritional support using enteral and parenteral routes has been shown to decrease postoperative morbidity, especially in high-risk patients. Recently, the role of immunonutrition (IMN) in postoperative infectious complications has been studied extensively. These substrates have been found to positively modulate postsurgical immunosuppression and inflammatory responses. They have also been shown to be cost-effective by decreasing both tpostoperative infectious complications and hospital LOS. In this review, we discuss the postoperative positive outcomes associated with the use of perioperative IMN, their cost-effectiveness, current guidelines and future clinical implications.

Impact of Concurrent Non-IBD Immunological Diseases on the Outcome of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: The association between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well established. There are scant data on the association between non-IBD immunological diseases (NID) and PSC outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the impact of NID on the clinical outcomes in patients with PSC. METHODS: We included 287 patients with PSC from 1985 to 2013 from our tertiary care data registry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the risk factors for liver transplantation. RESULTS: Of the 287 patients with PSC, 38 (13.2%) patients had at least 1 concomitant immunological disease other than IBD; 241 patients (84.0%) had concurrent IBD. The most frequent NIDs were autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The median follow-up time did not differ significantly between PSC patients with and without NID (10.5 years versus 7.0 years, P = 0.04). We did not find significant difference in the median time from PSC diagnosis to liver transplantation between PSC patients with and without NID (5.2 versus 6.3 years, P = 0.74). In the subgroup analysis, there was no significant difference in the median time from PSC diagnosis to liver transplantation between the PSC-only group, PSC with IBD group, and PSC with NID group (5.4 versus 6.4 versus 5.2 years, P = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: The association of NID in patients with PSC did not seem to affect the need for liver transplantation or transplantation-free survival. The findings suggest that the increased load of autoimmunity, including the presence of IBD or NID, has a minimum impact on the disease outcome of PSC.

Intestinal Failure: Adaptation, Rehabilitation, and Transplantation.

Intestinal failure (IF) is a state in which the nutritional demands are not met by the gastrointestinal absorptive surface. A majority of IF cases are associated with short-bowel syndrome, which is a result of malabsorption after significant intestinal resection for numerous reasons, some of which include Crohn's disease, vascular thrombosis, and radiation enteritis. IF can also be caused by obstruction, dysmotility, and congenital defects. Recognition and management of IF can be challenging, given the complex nature of this condition. This review discusses the management of IF with a focus on intestinal rehabilitation, parenteral nutrition, and transplantation.

Cutis laxa presenting as recurrent ileus.

Cutis laxa (CL) is a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by phenotypic appearance of loose and redundant skin. CL can be congenital or acquired. Congenital forms include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive. Apart from cutaneous abnormalities, CL can present with visceral involvement. In this article, we report a case of CL presenting as recurrent ileus.

Perspectives of physicians regarding screening patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Screening patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) facilitates early detection of disease, with improved outcome. The most common causes of HCC include chronic viral hepatitis infection-namely hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of screening among physicians involved in the management of patients at risk for HCC. METHODS: Three hundred physicians from three academic centers were invited to participate in a mailed survey questionnaire. The main outcome measure was physicians' knowledge of the current HCC screening guidelines. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from the survey questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 177 (59.0%) out of the 300 invited physicians responded to the survey questionnaire, including faculty members (n = 129), residents (n = 46), and fellows (n = 2). The specialty areas of the responding physicians were internal medicine (62.1%), family medicine (16.4%), gastroenterology (15.3%), oncology (3.4%) and others (2.8%). The number of physicians who performed HCC screening in patients with cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C infection were 163 (92.1%) and 167 (94.4%), respectively; 35.0% of them used alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) every 6 months, while 22.0% used imaging modalities every 6 months to screen for HCC. Further, 22 physicians (12.4%) did not check for serum AFP levels and 33 (18.6%) never used imaging to screen for HCC. CONCLUSION: The majority of the participating physicians screen high-risk patients for HCC. However, the most appropriate modality of screening (i.e. imaging) is not employed by most physicians and there is greater reliance on AFP levels.

The role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic immune-mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is often the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The role of endoscopy in disease surveillance is unprecedented. However, there is considerable debate in therapeutic goals in IBD patients, ranging from the resolution of clinical symptoms to mucosal healing. Furthermore, deep remission has recently been advocated for altering disease course in these patients. Additionally, neoplasia continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in IBD patients. This review discussed the role of several endoscopic techniques in assessing mucosal healing and neoplasia with emphasis on novel non-invasive endoscopic techniques.