Evaluation of hospital environment for presence of Mucorales during COVID-19-associated mucormycosis outbreak in India - a multi-centre study.

BACKGROUND: An unprecedented rise in the number of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) cases has been reported in India. Myriad hypotheses are proposed for the outbreak. We recently reported uncontrolled diabetes and inappropriate steroid therapy as significant risk factors for the outbreak. However, Mucorales contamination of hospital environment was not studied. AIM: To perform a multi-centre study across India to determine possible Mucorales contamination of hospital environment during the outbreak. METHODS: Eleven hospitals from four zones of India representing high to low incidence for mucormycosis cases were included in the study. Samples from a variety of equipment used by the patients and ambient air were collected during May 19th, 2021 through August 25th, 2021. FINDINGS: None of the hospital equipment sampled was contaminated with Mucorales. However, Mucorales were isolated from 11.1% air-conditioning vents and 1.7% of patients' used masks. Other fungi were isolated from 18% of hospital equipment and surfaces, and 8.1% of used masks. Mucorales grew from 21.7% indoor and 53.8% outdoor air samples. Spore counts of Mucorales in air were significantly higher in the hospitals of North and South zones compared to West and East zones (P < 0.0001). Among Mucorales isolated from the environment, Rhizopus spp. were the most frequent genus. CONCLUSION: Contamination of air-conditioning vents and hospital air by Mucorales was found. Presence of Mucorales in these areas demands regular surveillance and improvement of hospital environment, as contamination may contribute to healthcare-associated mucormycosis outbreaks, especially among immunocompromised patients.

Patients' expectations and online presence of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the United Kingdom.

In patient-centred medical practice, consideration of the patients' expectations is vital to the planning and delivery of service. Modern medicine must use the continuing advances in information technology to disseminate knowledge and raise awareness among patients and the public. People increasingly use the Internet to search for information on health, and the online presence of an organisation or a profession is known to bring a wide range of benefits. We aimed to find out what patients expect from the website of an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) unit and to assess the online presence of OMFS units in the United Kingdom. Results from 100 self-administered questionnaires showed that there were 18 common domains that patients would like to see on OMFS websites. When ranked according to the number of times they were mentioned, a map of the department was mentioned most and the complaints policy least. Of the 156 OMFS units in the UK, only 51% have websites and of these, 80% are in London. There were none in Wales and Northern Ireland. Only half of the websites contained information that related to patients' expectations. Strategies to improve the content of websites for OMFS units and to improve their online presence are urgently needed.

Cardiac troponins I and T: molecular markers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and accurate triaging of patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with early diagnosis still being difficult. Promising new cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and creatine kinase (CK) isoforms are being studied and integrated into clinical practice for early diagnosis of AMI. The cardiac-specific troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT) have good sensitivity and specificity as indicators of myocardial necrosis and are superior to CK and its MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) in this regard. Besides being potential biologic markers, cardiac troponins also provide significant prognostic information. The introduction of novel high-sensitivity troponin assays has enabled more sensitive and timely diagnosis or exclusion of acute coronary syndromes. This review summarizes the available information on the potential of troponins and other cardiac markers in early diagnosis and prognosis of AMI, and provides perspectives on future diagnostic approaches to AMI.

Rapid liposomal agglutination card test for the detection of antigens in patients with active tuberculosis.

SETTING: A total of 1360 subjects with clinically confirmed pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and other non-tuberculous conditions. OBJECTIVES: To develop a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the detection of the glycolipid antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a variety of clinical samples. STUDY DESIGN: Affinity-purified rabbit anti-glycolipid antibodies (IgG) were coupled to liposome particles (0.2-0.4 microm) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinamide to prepare the working reagent of the TB/M card test. RESULTS: Antibody-conjugated liposomes, when determined with the glycolipid antigens present in the specimens, formed a dark blue agglutination within 4 min. No clumping was observed in samples from normal healthy subjects or patients with other diseases. The test was shown to be effective in detecting glycolipid antigens of M. tuberculosis in clinical samples from patients with active TB with as low as 1 ng/ml analytical sensitivity, 97.4% clinical sensitivity and 96.9% specificity. CONCLUSION: The TB/M card test was found to be comparatively economical (4 Indian Rupees or US$ 0.09/test), rapid (4 min) and seems fairly useful for mass testing of a variety of biological specimens (cerebrospinal, pleural and synovial fluids, serum, tissue biopsy extract) from patients with tuberculous meningitis, pulmonary TB and other extra-pulmonary TB in endemic countries.