ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite the University of California San Francisco, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), and the Food and Drug Administration having approved the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in arresting dentinal caries, literature available on its systemic absorption is limited. AIM: This study aimed to assess any systemic absorption of fluoride ion following the topical application of SDF in young children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children aged between 3 and 6 years who were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries and required rehabilitation were recruited for the study. Before the onset of treatment for the arrest and control of caries, a baseline urine sample as a control was collected from the patient. In accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and AAPD guidelines, SDF was topically applied on a minimum of five carious teeth, following which additional urine samples were collected after 2 h and after 24 h, respectively, of application of SDF. The urine samples were stored at -20°C, and the estimation of fluoride ion concentrations in urine was then ascertained using a fluoride ion selective electrode. RESULTS: The results revealed that the fluoride concentration in urine before application of SDF was 0.66 mg/L ± 0.25 mg/L, and following 2 h of application, it was 1.13 mg/L ± 0.23. However, 24 h postapplication, the urinary fluoride concentration was reduced to 0.63 mg/L ± 0.20, which is close to the baseline value of the control sample. CONCLUSION: There was no significant systemic absorption of fluoride following the application of SDF, and it could be adopted as an effective and safe agent in the armamentarium for managing caries in young children.
Subject(s)
Dental Caries , Fluorides , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds , Silver Compounds , Child , Humans , Child, Preschool , Fluorides/therapeutic use , Cariostatic Agents , Dental Caries Susceptibility , Fluorides, Topical/therapeutic use , Dental Caries/drug therapy , Dental Caries/prevention & controlABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with wide spectrum of symptoms and few effective therapies. Evidence is suggestive of an association between immune system dysfunction and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children with ASD. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are found to be increased in the circulation of individuals with autism. The prospective study was aimed to estimate and correlate the levels of IgG4 in blood and saliva of children with autism. METHODOLOGY: Blood and unstimulated saliva were collected from 172 children (55 ASD, 57 healthy control, and 60 suspected parasitic infection) aged 0-18 years. Routine blood investigations were done. Serum and salivary IgG4 levels were analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: ELISA tests showed that the IgG4 levels in serum and saliva were significantly increased (P<0.05) in children with ASD as compared to normal control children. Both serum and saliva IgG4 levels showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: IgG4 can be used as a potential biomarker for the early detection of ASD. Further, saliva can be a diagnostic, noninvasive assessment tool for health monitoring of children with autism. Lay summary: The collection of saliva is easy and painless compared to other sample collection methods. The present study shows that, among children with autism, brain-reactive antibody, immunoglobulin G4 (gG4), is increased both in blood and saliva, and there is a significant correlation between the two levels. Therefore, the study recommends IgG4 as a potential biomarker for the early detection of autism, and saliva can be helpful in diagnosis and health monitoring of children with ASD.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a chronic disease among children and pneumonia is often seen in young children. Soluble CD14 (sCD14) protein is released by monocytes and changes in periodontal infection. The study aimed to estimate the level of salivary sCD14 in children with early childhood caries in association with pneumonia. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 52 children aged between 2 to 5 years. A total of 17 children who were caries free, with no past systemic illness; 17 children with dental caries with no history of systemic illness or dental treatment for caries, and 18 children with caries and pneumonia were included in the control and test groups respectively. Unstimulated saliva of all children was collected. All samples were tested using a commercial available sCD14 ELISA kit. RESULTS: The sCD14 level was elevated in all three groups. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean level of sCD14 values between the groups. Control group had the highest mean sCD14 values (15070.99 ± 4296.44), followed by the caries group (13629.83 ± 5603.76) and pneumonia group (8566.86 ± 4778.81). There is a significant difference between the groups with p=0.001. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that sCD14 can be used as an indicator of the healthy functioning of the oral cavity.