Retraction Note: Insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety and depression among different types of gamers in African countries.

This Article has been retracted.

Insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety and depression among different types of gamers in African countries.

Gaming has increasingly become a part of life in Africa. Currently, no data on gaming disorders or their association with mental disorders exist for African countries. This study for the first time investigated (1) the prevalence of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depression among African gamers, (2) the association between these conditions and gamer types (i.e., non-problematic, engaged, problematic and addicted) and (3) the predictive power of socioeconomic markers (education, age, income, marital status, employment status) on these conditions. 10,566 people from 2 low- (Rwanda, Gabon), 6 lower-middle (Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Ivory Coast) and 1 upper-middle income countries (South Africa) completed online questionnaires containing validated measures on insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety, depression and gaming addiction. Results showed our sample of gamers (24 ± 2.8 yrs; 88.64% Male), 30% were addicted, 30% were problematic, 8% were engaged and 32% were non-problematic. Gaming significantly contributed to 86.9% of the variance in insomnia, 82.7% of the variance in daytime sleepiness and 82.3% of the variance in anxiety [p < 0.001]. This study establishes the prevalence of gaming, mood and sleep disorders, in a large African sample. Our results corroborate previous studies, reporting problematic and addicted gamers show poorer health outcomes compared with non-problematic gamers.

Socio-economic aspects of malaria in Kheda district, Gujarat.

Study on the socio-cultural factors and economic loss due to malaria in rural and urban areas of Kheda district, Gujarat revealed that factors such as education, profession, income, housing pattern, social groups, water storage and treatment seeking behaviour play an important role in malaria transmission. However, the difference of these components in respect to malaria cases between rural and urban areas were statistically insignificant. Mean monetary loss per malaria episode was found to be more in urban area (Rs. 393.59) as compared to rural (Rs. 157.59). The study also suggests the importance of socio-cultural factors in implementing any community health programme. Health education is needed to make the people aware and health conscious for prevention of disease at their own level.

Role of health education in school-children with particular reference to malaria.

Knowledge and effect of health education in schoolchildren of primary, secondary and higher secondary classes were evaluated. In schoolchildren exposed to different health education activities such as live demonstrations, slide shows and when both events were grouped together a high average of correct score (47.88%) in comparison to that of control group (26.56%) was noticed. Exposed population could answer most of the questions correctly and supported the role of community participation with the help from Government Departments to control malaria. Involvement and role of schoolchildren in disease vector control programme is discussed in this paper.

Economic loss due to malaria in Kheda district, Gujarat.

A survey of nine experimental and four control villages of Kheda district, Gujarat, revealed that economic loss due to malaria was higher in the control villages where integrated vector control is not practised. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the number of man days lost and the expenditure incurred in treatment.