Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic, and Antiarthritic Property of Different Parts of Bari Orchid.

Many different herbal extracts have historically been utilized to treat microbe-induced infections, injuries, cancer, thrombosis, and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial, cytotoxic, in vitro thrombolytic, and in vitro antiarthritic properties of ethanolic extracts of stem and seed of Bari orchid 1 (BO) plant. This orchid plant was developed by the Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) in Gazipur. Fourteen microbes were employed in the antimicrobial investigation, and samples of orchids were compared to ciprofloxacin as a reference. The BO/seed extract was found to possess more antibacterial activity. The lethality test of brine shrimps was used to assess the LC50 values. The BO/stem extract exhibited a higher cytotoxicity potential, in comparison to the BO/seed extract. Two concentrations (1000 and 100 ppm) and two incubation times (24 hours and 1.5 hours) were used to assess the thrombolytic activity of the extracts. Regarding the thrombolytic effect, the BO/stem extract has demonstrated greater promise. Furthermore, the herbal extract's antiarthritic activity was investigated at four different concentrations, and the results were evaluated in comparison with those of diclofenac sodium. When comparing BO/stem extract to other extracts, the greatest values for protein denaturation were obtained.

Reuse of gamma-ray irradiated textile wastewater: implications on the growth of Capsicum frutescens plant.

This investigation concentrates on the possibility of using gamma radiation for the decomposition of organic pollutants in textile wastewater and reuse as irrigation water. The wastewater sample was irradiated at four different absorbed doses of 3, 5, 8, and 10 kilo Gray (kGy). After irradiation at 8-10 kGy, physicochemical parameters, i.e., pH, turbidity, EC, total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), have decreased sharply and approached to the expected value recommended by Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh. At 10 kGy absorbed dose, 59.0 % biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and 71.6 % chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal has been achieved, accelerating the enhancement in biodegradability index (BOD5/COD). Ammonium and total nitrogen have improved up to 87.0 % and 94.5 % after irradiation at 10 kGy doses. Subsequently, the treated textile wastewater samples were reused to grow Capsicum frutescens plants to inspect the fertility responses. When Capsicum plants were nourished by textile wastewater irradiated at 8-10 kGy, increased values were observed in the plant morphological parameters such as dry masses of the fruits (from 2.25 to 3.02 g), moisture content (from 91.35 to 92.62%), root length (from 13.21 to 16.56 cm), average plant height (from 2.42 to 4.07 cm/week), average number of leaves (from 14 to 16 nos./week), and total number of fruits (from 25 to 40 nos.) in comparison to those plants nourished by simply water and raw wastewater. The elemental analysis confirmed that negligible amounts of heavy metals were found in Capsicum fruits at higher absorbed doses. In contrast, helpful macro and micronutrients for plant production were raised to sufficient levels at 8-10 kGy, which can be the optimum doses for gamma irradiation to treat textile wastewater for maintaining sustainable water resources.

Hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality of over-exploited Dupi Tila aquifer in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

Dhaka is one of the highly populated cities in the world. Increased urbanization and population growth in Dhaka are mostly dependent on groundwater, with 78% of the supply water coming from the Plio-Pleistocene Dupi Tila aquifer. This research was conducted with the objectives of identifying ion chemistry, hydrochemical processes and their relationship to groundwater quality and finding out the impact of over-exploitation on Dupi Tila aquifer. Three consecutive semi-confined aquifers have been delineated up to the explored depth: the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA), Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) and Lower Dupi Tila aquifer (LDA). Hydrogeochemical processes and water quality have been inferred from bivariate plots, correlation of major ions, piper plot and stable isotopes analysis. The total dissolved solids show an increasing downwards trend from an average of 267 mg/l in UDA to an average of 284 mg/l in LDA. Waters in all three aquifers as well as surface water (SW) are mainly of Ca/Mg-HCO3 type. The weathering of aluminosilicates controls the concentration of the major ions. Even though there is a significant decline in piezometric level both in UDA (> -85 m Public Works Department reference datum (PWD)) and MDA (> -65 m PWD), there is no evidence of groundwater recharge through direct infiltration from the river. The stable isotopes indicate most of the UDA, MDA and LDA waters are mainly from local precipitation. Increasingly enriched mean values for stable isotopes for the subsequent aquifers UDA, MDA and LDA, as well as increasing PCO2 for UDA < MDA < LDA, indicate increasingly warmer recharge conditions. The overall groundwater quality in the aquifers is good. At present, we have no indication that groundwater exploitation has altered groundwater quality of the Dupi Tila aquifer. Therefore, it is of vital importance to regularly monitor water quality for the purposes in order to timely detect any potential water quality alteration that could be aggravated by the vast decline in piezometric level, in view of the long-term sustainable development of the groundwater resources of this city.

Groundwater salinization and freshening processes in coastal aquifers from southwest Bangladesh.

The hydrogeochemical processes in the multilayer aquifers of southwest (SW) coastal area of Bangladesh provide important information for quantifying hydrochemical differences between different aquifers. Hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry in this coastal area have been evaluated by interpreting conventional plots, ionic delta, HFE-diagram, stable isotopes and geochemical modelling. The median TDS distribution of the aquifers has an increasing trend from below 1000 mg/l in the deep aquifer (DA) to 2622 mg/l in lower shallow aquifer (LSA) and 7012 mg/l in upper shallow aquifer (USA). Na+ is the dominant cation in all the aquifers. HCO3- is the dominant anion in DA with high median concentration (495 mg/l), which is more than double than that in LSA (214 mg/l) and USA (159 mg/l). The groundwater in the DA is freshened NaHCO3+ type due to cation exchange process that enhances second stage of calcite dissolution. Few NaCl+ type DA waters found in the SW corner of the study area indicate the presence of connate water confined in the inter-basin during the Holocene transgression. The stable isotopes indicate that the DA waters have been deposited during warmer periods. In contrast, both the LSA and USA are dominated by NaCl- type water; some CaCl- type waters have also been found in these aquifers, indicating salinization. The salinization processes consist of infiltration of redissolved evaporite salts, reverse cation exchange, and mixing with marine influenced flood water. Thus, the knowledge of different processes controlling freshening and salinization will help properly manage and preserve the environmental characteristics in the aquifer systems of SW Bangladesh as well as similar complex coastal geological settings.

Atmospheric factors controlling stable isotope variations in modern precipitation of the tropical region of Bangladesh.

The study investigates the factors that control the isotopic composition of tropical precipitation in Bangladesh. Daily and monthly rainfall samples were collected from three stations from 2013 to 2015: (1) northern and moderately high altitude: Sylhet, (2) middle part of the country (close to Tropic of Cancer): Savar, and (3) southern coastal region: Barisal. To escape from the post-evaporation effect, proper care was adopted. This is supported by the fact that the local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) derived for the daily precipitations of all stations mostly follow the global meteoric water line (GMWL). The results exhibit a clear seasonal and spatial variation in both δ 18O and δ 2H of precipitation. 18O is more depleted in samples collected during rainy (monsoon) seasons, while 18O enrichment is associated to winter and summer (pre-monsoon) seasons. During rainy season, intra-seasonal variability of δ18O rainfall is clearly seen and remarkable depletion of 18O is observed during the period of intense convective activity over the Bay of Bengal. This feature indicates that isotope variability in Bangladesh is controlled by large-scale convective activity rather than local rainfall amount.

Appraising spatial variations of As, Fe, Mn and NO3 contaminations associated health risks of drinking water from Surma basin, Bangladesh.

This study aims to appraise the spatial variations and pathways of groundwater contaminations and associated health risks in the Surma basin, Bangladesh using geostatistics, Fuzzy GIS technique and health risk modelbased on ninety groundwater samples. The results show that the mean concentrations of As, Fe, Mn and NO3 are below the Bangladesh water quality standard, whereas As, Fe and Mn concentrations exceed World Health Organization guideline values in several sampling sites. The compositional study identifies weathering of source rocks, reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn-oxyhydroxide minerals and various anthropogenic inputs as the key sources of groundwater contamination. The kriged maps show the elevated risks of Fe, Mn and NO3 concentrations from the south to northern parts and As concentration from the north to southwestern parts of the Surma basin. The results of fuzzy GIS maps confirm the outcomes of kriged maps. Cross validation results show better performance of indicator kriging over probability kriging. The results also show a spatial heterogeneity with As, Fe, Mn and NO3 concentrations, indicating the low to medium risk categories. A health risk assessment is performed using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The HQ values imply that the risk of contamination through oral ingestion pathway is medium to high levels for both adults and children as the trace elements show HQ values more than one. It is found that drinking water of several upazilas exhibits high contamination and that children are more susceptible to the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults in the study area.