ABSTRACT
Herein, we have developed a new approach for the synthesis of indolizine via Cu-catalyzed reaction of pyridine, acetophenone, and nitroolefin under mild conditions in high yields. This reaction involved the formation of C-N and C-C bonds and new indolizine compounds with high stereoselectivity and excellent functional group tolerance.
ABSTRACT
Bioluminescence in beetles has long fascinated biologists, with diverse applications in biotechnology. To date, however, our understanding of its evolutionary origin and functional variation mechanisms remains poor. To address these questions, we obtained high-quality reference genomes of luminous and nonluminous beetles in 6 Elateroidea families. We then reconstructed a robust phylogenetic relationship for all luminous families and related nonluminous families. Comparative genomic analyses and biochemical functional experiments suggested that gene evolution within Elateroidea played a crucial role in the origin of bioluminescence, with multiple parallel origins observed in the luminous beetle families. While most luciferase-like proteins exhibited a conserved nonluminous amino acid pattern (TLA346 to 348) in the luciferin-binding sites, luciferases in the different luminous beetle families showed divergent luminous patterns at these sites (TSA/CCA/CSA/LVA). Comparisons of the structural and enzymatic properties of ancestral, extant, and site-directed mutant luciferases further reinforced the important role of these sites in the trade-off between acyl-CoA synthetase and luciferase activities. Furthermore, the evolution of bioluminescent color demonstrated a tendency toward hypsochromic shifts and variations among the luminous families. Taken together, our results revealed multiple parallel origins of bioluminescence and functional divergence within the beetle bioluminescent system.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animals , Humans , Coleoptera/genetics , Phylogeny , Amino Acid Sequence , Luciferases/genetics , Luciferases/chemistry , Luciferases/metabolism , Binding SitesABSTRACT
The genera Echinovelleda Breuning, 1936 and Propedicellus Huang, Huang & Liu, 2020 are revised. The latterisconsideredto be ajunior synonym of theformer based on a comprehensive morphological investigation, especially on the characteristics of male endophallus. Two new species are described from China, viz. Echinovelleda mumuae Bi & Mu sp. nov. from Yunnan and Guangxi, and E. protochinensis Bi & Lin sp. nov. from Yunnan and Sichuan. New records are reported for previously described taxa including one new country record of a morphologically similar genus, Hechinoschema Thomson, 1857 from China. Illustrations of habitus, endophallic structure, major diagnostic features for all studied taxa, as well as a distributional map are provided.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Male , Animals , Animal Structures , Body Size , China , Organ SizeABSTRACT
Unicornileptura gen. nov. (, D jio hu tin ni sh) is established for Unicornileptura emeiensis sp. nov. from Sichuan (as the type species) and U. laticollis sp. nov. from Hubei. Illustrations of habitus, endophallic structure and major diagnostic features are provided.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animal Distribution , Animals , ChinaABSTRACT
The genus Meges Pascoe, 1866 stat. res. is resurrected from synonyms of Monochamus Dejean, 1821 and is made a senior synonym of Magninia Clermont, 1932 syn. nov. Meges currently contains two species, i.e. Meges gravidus (Pascoe, 1858) and Meges tonkineus (Clermont, 1932) comb. nov. The male of the latter species is described for the first time. A related genus Pseudomeges Breuning, 1944 is investigated for comparison and Pseudomeges aureus Bi, Chen Lin sp. nov. (, Jn bn wi m tin ni) is described from Yunnan, China. New localities are reported. Illustrations of habitus, endophallic structures and major diagnostic features for all involved taxa are provided.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animal Structures , Animals , Body Size , China , Male , Organ SizeABSTRACT
After a century since the erection of the genus Manipuria from India, its type species M. dohertyi Jacoby was discovered in Yunnan Province of China. A new Manipuria species, M. yuae sp. nov., is described from Tibet and Yunnan, China. The new species differs from M. dohertyi by its larger size, unicolored elytra, and absence of a tooth-like prolongation in front of the mandible. Additional data is provided for M. dohertyi based on new material from China.
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A new species, Anoplophora siderea Bi, Chen N. Ohbayashi, sp. nov. (, Fán xîng xîng tiân niú), is described from Guangxi and Guangdong, China. Unknown males of Anoplophora cheni Bi N. Ohbayashi, 2015, A. chiangi Hua Zhang, 1991, A. flavomaculata (Gressitt, 1933) and A. multimaculata (Xie Wang, 2015) are recorded for the first time. The endophalli of those species and A. ankangensis (Chiang, 1981) are described. New localities, habitus, endophallic structure and major diagnostic features of them are provided.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animals , China , MaleABSTRACT
This work presents a review of species of the Asian genus Sinocymbachus Strohecker & Chûjô, 1970. Four new species are described from China: S. fanjingshanensis Chang & Bi, sp. nov., S. longipennis Chang & Bi, sp. nov., S. sinicus Chang & Bi, sp. nov., and S. wangyinjiei Chang & Bi, sp. nov. Cymbachus koreanus Chûjô & Lee, 1993 is transferred to Sinocymbachus as S. koreanus (Chûjô & Lee) comb. nov. Sinocymbachus bimaculatus (Pic, 1927) is reported for the first time from China. The male of S. parvimaculatus (Mader, 1938) is discovered and described for the first time. Illustration, diagnosis and distribution are provided for each species. Prior to the present study, Sinocymbachus included ten species. An updated key to the species of Sinocymbachus is given.
ABSTRACT
Ithocritus ruber (Hope, 1839), the type species of the genus Ithocritus Lacordaire, 1872 is reinvestigated, and a partially sympatric species, Ithocritus similis Bi Lin, sp. nov. (, Xiang sì duÇn bÇng tian niú), is described. The genus Falsimalmus Breuning, 1956 is newly recorded from China, based on the discovery of Falsimalmus niger Breuning, 1956 from Yunnan. New localities, illustrations of habitus, endophallic structure and major diagnostic features for all involved taxa are provided.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animal Structures , Animals , Body Size , China , Organ SizeABSTRACT
This paper presents a review of the genus Brachytrycherus Arrow from mainland China. Three new species are described and illustrated: B. bipunctatus Chang & Bi, sp. nov., B. denticulatus Chang & Bi, sp. nov., and B. humeralis Chang & Bi, sp. nov. The diagnosis, distribution, type locality, biology, and ecology are provided for each species. A key to the species of Brachytrycherus known in China is updated.
ABSTRACT
The new subfamily Sinopyrophorinae within Elateridae is proposed to accommodate a bioluminescent species, Sinopyrophorusschimmeli Bi & Li, gen. et sp. nov., recently discovered in Yunnan, China. This lineage is morphologically distinguished from other click-beetle subfamilies by the strongly protruding frontoclypeal region, which is longitudinally carinate medially, the pretarsal claws without basal setae, the hind wing venation with a well-defined wedge cell, the abdomen with seven (male) or six (female) ventrites, the large luminous organ on the abdominal sternite II, and the male genitalia with median lobe much shorter than parameres, and parameres arcuate, with the inner margin near its apical third dentate. Molecular phylogeny based on the combined 14 mitochondrial and two nuclear genes supports the placement of this taxon far from other luminescent click-beetle groups, which provides additional evidence for the multiple origin of bioluminescence in Elateridae. Illustrations of habitus and main diagnostic features of S.schimmeli Bi & Li, gen. et sp. nov. are provided, as well as the brief description of its luminescent behavior.
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A revision of the genus Eutetrapha Bates, 1884 is presented. Four new species are described from China: E. parastigmosa Lin & Yang, sp. nov. from Hubei, Chongqing and Shaanxi; E. tianmushana Lin & Bi, sp. nov. from Zhejiang; E. shaanxiana Lin & Yang, sp. nov. from Shaanxi, Hubei, Gansu; and E. gui Lin & Yang, sp. nov. from Hainan. Eutetrapha virides Pu & Jin, 1991 is transferred to the genus Paraglenea, and Glenea ocelota Bates, 1873 is transferred from Eutetrapha to Saperda (Lopezcolonia). Eutetrapha laosensis is newly recorded from India and Myanmar, while Eutetrapha flavoguttata Pu & Jin, 1991 is newly recorded from Myanmar. India and Myanmar represent new country records for Eutetrapha. Twenty-one taxa are recognized in the genus Eutetrapha, and a key to the described species of the genus is presented.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animal Distribution , Animal Structures , Animals , Body Size , China , India , Myanmar , Organ SizeABSTRACT
The genus Pseudoechthistatus Pic, 1917 is redefined and revised. Five species of the genus are described as new, Pseudoechthistatus sinicus sp. n. and Pseudoechthistatus chiangshunani sp. n. from central Yunnan, China, Pseudoechthistatus pufujiae sp. n. from western Yunnan, China, and Pseudoechthistatus holzschuhi sp. n. and Pseudoechthistatus glabripennis sp. n. from southern Yunnan and northern Vietnam. Pseudoechthistatus birmanicus Breuning, 1942 is excluded from the fauna of China. Three poorly known species, Pseudoechthistatus obliquefasciatus Pic, 1917, Pseudoechthistatus granulatus Breuning, 1942, and Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis Chiang, 1981 are redescribed, and the type localities of the former two species are discussed. Endophallic structure of seven species in inflated and everted condition are studied and compared with their relatives. Illustrations of habitus and major diagnostic features of all species are provided. Some biological notes are reported. An identification key as well as a distributional map are presented.
ABSTRACT
Two new species of Brachytrycherus from China, Brachytrycherus conaensis sp. n. and Brachytrycherus curviantennae sp. n. are described and illustrated. Brachytrycherus conaensis sp. n. is the first species of the Handsome Fungus Beetles recorded feeding on Ascomycetes. A key to the species of Brachytrycherus known in China is provided.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.595.7569.].
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The family Jacobsoniidae Heller () is newly recorded from China upon the discovery of Sarothriassinicus Bi & Chen, sp. n. () from Motuo, Southeast Xizang. Description and illustrations of the habitus and major diagnostic features of the new taxon are provided. A key to the species of Sarothrias and some ecological notes on the new species are presented.
ABSTRACT
A new philine species of the genus Spiniphilus Lin & Bi, 2011, S. xiaodongi sp. nov. is described from Yunnan, China. The female of Heterophilus scabricollis Pu, 1988 is described for the first time with its biological and ecological data.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera/classification , Animal Distribution , Animal Structures/anatomy & histology , Animal Structures/growth & development , Animals , Body Size , China , Coleoptera/anatomy & histology , Coleoptera/growth & development , Ecosystem , Female , Male , Organ SizeABSTRACT
The genus Microcriodes Breuning is newly recorded from China upon the discovery of M. sikkimensis Breuning, 1943 and M. wuchaoi sp. n. from Motuo, Southeast Xizang. Illustrations of the habitus, genitalia including non-everted endophallus, as well as diagnostic features are provided.
ABSTRACT
A new species, Distenia orientalis sp. n. is described from Southeastern China. It was misidentified as Distenia gracilis (Blessig, 1872) but can be separated from the latter by the color of antennae and legs, structure differences on scape, maxillary palp, pronotum, tibiae, punctures on elytra, etc. Three related species are carefully diagnosed and treated.
