Recent Advances in the Enzyme-Activatable Organic Fluorescent Probes for Tumor Imaging and Therapy.

The exploration of advanced probes for cancer diagnosis and treatment is of high importance in fundamental research and clinical practice. In comparison with the traditional "always-on" probes, the emerging activatable probes enjoy advantages in promoted accuracy for tumor theranostics by specifically releasing or activating fluorophores at the targeting sites. The main designing principle for these probes is to incorporate responsive groups that can specifically react with the biomarkers (e. g., enzymes) involved in tumorigenesis and progression, realizing the controlled activation in tumors. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the molecular design and biomedical application of enzyme-responsive organic fluorescent probes. Particularly, the fluorophores can be endowed with ability of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) to afford the photosensitizers, highlighting the potential of these probes in simultaneous tumor imaging and therapy with rational design. We hope that this review could inspire more research interests in the development of tumor-targeting theranostic probes for advanced biological studies.

[Six degree-of-freedom acquisition and analysis of jaw opening and closing with motion capture system].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the six degrees of freedom of jaw opening and closing movement with motion capture and analysis system to establish a quantitative method for studying mandibular movement and a digital basis for virtual reality study of mandibular movement. METHODS: In a male adult with normal dentition without temporomandibular joint disorders, 3 fluorescent markers were pasted in the upper dentition and 4 in the lower dentition. Six cameras of the motion capture system were arranged in a semi-circular fashion. The subject sat in front of the camera at an 80-cm distance with the Frankfort plane kept parallel to the horizontal plane. The degree-of-freedom (3 linear displacement and 3 angular displacement) of jaw opening and closing movement was obtained by collecting the marker motion. RESULTS: Six degrees of freedom of jaw opening and closing were obtained using the motion capture system. The maximum linear displacements of X, Y and Z axes were 5.888 089 cm, 0.782 269 cm, and 0.138 931 cm, and the minimum linear displacements were -3.649 83 cm, -35.961 2 cm, -5.818 63 cm, respectively. The maximum angular displacements of X, Y and Z axes were 0.760 088°, 2.803 753°, and 0.786 493°, with the minimum angular displacements of -2.526 18°, -0.625 94°, and -25.429 8°, respectively. Variations of linear displacements during jaw opening and closing occurred mainly in the Y axis, and those of angular displacement occurred mainly in the Z axis. CONCLUSION: The six degree-of-freedom of mandibular movement can be accurately obtained with the motion capture system to allow quantitative examination of the mandibular movement.

[Application of three-dimensional laser scanning-based maxillofacial soft tissue reconstruction in orthodontic treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a convenient and rapid method for constructing a digital model of the maxillofacial soft tissue based on three-dimensional laser surface scanning to allow direct and accurate observation of the soft tissue changes in the course of orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The point cloud data of three-dimensional laser scanning of the maxillofacial region were acquired from a healthy woman with Angle Class I occlusion, who maintained a horizontal Frankfort plane during scanning with the scanner placed at a distance of 80 cm. The scanning was repeated twice after wearing the dental cast for an Angle Class I occlusion. The three-dimensional digital model of the maxillofacial soft tissue was constructed based on the point cloud using GeoMagic10.0 software. RESULTS: The high-resolution three-dimensional model of the maxillofacial soft tissue reconstructed allowed accurate observation of the distinct facial anatomical landmarks and represented directly the soft tissue changes in the process of orthodontic treatment by merging the models. Using the analytic tool provided by the software, this model also allowed direct quantitative measurement of the nasolabial angle and the distances from the esthetic plane to the upper lip, labral inferior, and mentolabial sulcus, which were 111.86°, -3.57 mm, -2.54 mm, and 3.95 mm before orthodontic treatment as compared to 114.31°, -2.73 mm, -1.06 mm, and 3.46 mm during treatment, and 116.53°, -0.15 mm, 0.64 mm, and 3.11 mm after the treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional laser surface scanning enables accurate and rapid construction of the digital model of the facial soft tissues, which may provide valuable assistance in orthodontic treatment.

[Three-dimensional reconstruction and anatomic variation of the portal vein based on 64-slice spiral CT data].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the three-dimensional reconstruction methods of the portal vein using 64-slice spiral CT data and the anatomical variation of the portal vein. METHODS: Three-dimensional reconstruction of the portal vein was performed using Mimics software based on the 64-slice spiral CT data of 64 cases. Each model of the portal vein and its branches was evaluated according to the presentation rate, depiction quality and anatomic variation. RESULTS: The reconstructed model showed a depiction rates of 100% for the 4-grade branches of the portal vein. The stem of the portal vein and the left and right branches of the level III or above were all displayed, but in 2 cases the superior mesenteric vein and in 1 case the spleen vein was displayed only to the level IV. Of the 64 cases, 50 (78.1%) had normal portal vein and 14 (21.9%) showed anatomical variations. CONCLUSION: The 3D model vividly mimics the anatomic variations of the portal vein to provide valuable information for surgical plans.

[Construction of the digital models of masseter and temporal muscles with three-dimensional laser scanning].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a new method for establishing digital models of the masseter and temporal muscles and superficial soft tissue using three-dimensional laser scanning technique. METHODS: One adult male cadaveric head without malformation was dissected to expose the superficial portion of the masseter and temporalis. Multiple aspects of the sample were scanned with three-dimensional laser scanning system, and the point clouds of the masseter and temporal muscles were generated. The specimen was scanned again after the masseter and temporal muscles had been removed. The digital model of the muscles was reconstructed with the point clouds using Geomagic software, and the morphology of the muscle model was observed and measured. RESULTS: The 3-D digital models of the masseter and temporal muscles with the anatomical characteristics were reconstructed based on the point clouds using Geomagic 8.0 software. CONCLUSION: The digital model of the muscles can vividly demonstrate the muscle contours, which provides a basis for morphological study and biomechanical analysis of the muscles.

[Three-dimensional design of surgery for mandibular retrusion].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of surgical design for mandibular retrusion using three-dimensional software. METHODS: Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed by Mimics software based on the preoperative CT data. The model of the maxillofacial region was imported into Rapidform software for measuring the associated parameters and Geomagic software for simulation of osteotomy. The reliability of the virtual operation was validated during the surgery. RESULTS: The model of mandibular retrusion was reconstructed and successfully used to simulate the surgery. The simulation result was applied in subsequent actual surgery and good surgical outcomes were achieved. CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional software can be used to simulate the surgery for mandibular retrusion and improve the predictability and accuracy of the surgery.