ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite the important advances in research on neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastro-entero-pancreatic tract, their precursor lesions are much less well known. SUMMARY: This review analyzes the preneoplastic neuroendocrine lesions of the gastro-entero-pancreatic tract, by adopting a coherent anatomical benchmark. In particular, the settings in which neuroendocrine precursor lesions represent well-recognized pathophysiological and morphological entities (with eventual molecular correlates) have been distinguished from the ones in which the nature of preneoplastic changes is still obscure. KEY MESSAGES: The aim of the paper was to summarize what is known about precursor lesions of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, with the goal of providing a useful tool for future research aimed at obtaining a fuller understanding of the underlying biology and early development of these diseases.
Subject(s)
Intestinal Neoplasms , Neuroendocrine Tumors , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Stomach Neoplasms , Humans , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology , Pancreas/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Intestinal Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
A case of progressive nasal obstruction in a 63 year old man is described. FNA cytology yielded dominant myxoid matrix with charateristic epithelioid cells, round nuclei with nucleoli, and eosinophilic, granular or vacuolated cytoplasm to allow a diagnosis tto be made.
Subject(s)
Cytodiagnosis , Epithelioid Cells , Cytoplasm , Epithelioid Cells/pathology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , MucusABSTRACT
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a pivotal role in many aspects of cell biology, including cancer development. Within esophageal cancer, miRNAs have been proved to be involved in all phases of carcinogenesis, from initiation to metastatic spread. Several miRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in esophageal premalignant lesions, namely Barrett's esophagus, Barrett's dysplasia, and squamous dysplasia. Furthermore, numerous studies have investigated the alteration in the expression levels of many oncomiRNAs and tumor suppressor miRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma, thus proving how miRNAs are able modulate crucial regulatory pathways of cancer development. Considering these findings, miRNAs may have a role not only as a diagnostic and prognostic tool, but also as predictive biomarker of response to anti-cancer therapies and as potential therapeutic targets. This review aims to summarize several studies on the matter, focusing on the possible diagnostic-therapeutic implications.
Subject(s)
Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , MicroRNAs/therapeutic use , Adenocarcinoma , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Disease Progression , Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism , Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology , Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma/metabolism , Esophagus/pathology , Gene Expression , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Precancerous Conditions/genetics , Precancerous Conditions/metabolism , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , PrognosisABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Androgen Receptor (AR) positivity is often displayed in breast cancer and especially in Male Breast Cancer (MBC), where it appears to be a heterogeneous feature, with its expression ranging between 38 and 81% of cases. Given the fact that circulating androgens represent the most important sex hormones in males and that breast carcinogenesis is characteristically subjected to hormonal mechanisms, our purpose was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of AR in MBC assessing if its expression could be associated with parameters of tumor aggressiveness. METHODS: Clinical and pathological data were retrospectively reviewed for male patients with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. AR status was detected by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumoral tissue sections. Correlations between AR expression and histopathological features were assessed using univariate and multiple comparisons where appropriate, assuming P values < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: The study included 44 consecutive male patients. AR expression ranged between 10 and 98% and the majority of cases presented a moderate to high expression of this receptor. Adopting a 20% PgR cut-off, statistical analyses highlighted a different behavior of AR: in ER+/PgRhigh group, it positively correlated with the other steroid receptors pointing out the importance of hormonal cross-talk: in ER+/PgRlow group, AR status inversely correlated with histological grade and lymph node status. CONCLUSION: Hormonal factors reveal to play a crucial role in MBC carcinogenesis and progression. Intriguingly, in ER+/PgRlow tumors AR expression significantly correlates with lymph node status, hinting at a favorable biological role of AR in this tumor subgroup.
