Age-related changes in the human renal veins and their valves.

Age-related anatomical changes in the human renal veins and their valves were studied. The principal changes were: 1. The muscle fiber bundles were noted to progressively atrophy as a function of age, while conservely the elastic fiber bundles hypertrophied. 2. The valves of the renal veins were observed to become gradually thicker with age as a result of the increased number of collagen fiber bundles.

Arachnoid granulation affected by subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The purpose of this study was to investigate using light microscopy the fibrocellular components of arachnoid granulations affected by mild and severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. The erythrocytes were in the channels delimited by collagenous and elastic bundles and arachnoid cells, showing their tortuous and inter-communicating row from the pedicle to the fibrous capsule. The core portion of the pedicle and the center represented a principal route to the bulk outflow of cerebrospinal fluid and erythrocytes. In the severe hemorrhage, the fibrocellular components are disorganized, increasing the extracellular channels. We could see arachnoid granulations without erythrocytes, which cells showed big round nucleus suggesting their transformation into phagocytic cells.

Arachnoid granulation affected by subarachnoid hemorrhage

Por microscopia óptica foram estudados os componentes fibrosos das granulaçöes aracnódes de indivíduos acometidos por hemorragia subaracnóide de tipo moderado ou severo. Os eritrócitos estavam presentes nos canais delimitados por feixes de fibras elásticas, colágenas e células aracnóides. Os canais tortuosos e intercomunicantes eram observados desde o pediculo até a cápsula fibrosa da granulaçäo aracnóide. O principal trajeto dos eritrócitos e do líquido cáfalo-raquidiano ocorria no interior do pedículo e centro da granulaçäo aracnóide. Na hemorragia severa, os compoentes fibro-musculares estavam desorganizados e os canais extra-celulares aumentados. A presença de células com grandes núcleos, observada no material hemorrágico, é sugestiva de transformaçöes das células aracnóides em células fagocitárias, para promover a digestäo intracelular dos eritrócitos

Arquitetura morfofuncional das veias testiculares em adulto / Morphofunctional architecture of testicular veins in adults

A correlaçäo entre a varicocele e a esterilidade masculina levou-nos a estudar a arquitetura das veias testiculares. Foram utilizados 12 cadáveres, com idade variando entre 23 e 64 anos. Isoladas as veias testiculares em toda sua extensäo e fixadas em soluçäo de formol a 10//, foram obtidos cortes seriados espessos e corados para evidenciar os tecidos muscular e fibroso. O arranjo dos feixes de fibras musculares mostra disposiçäo diferente ao nível das desembocaduras à direita e à esquerda. O arranjo do tecido fibroso é semelhante ao do tecido muscular. A análise micromesoscópica mostra sistemas músculo-fibrosos adaptados a regulaçäo do fluxo sanguíneo nas junçöes venosas cavo e renotesticular

[Morphofunctional architecture of the testicular veins in adults]. / Arquitetura morfofuncional das veias testiculares em adultos.

The correlation between varicocele and male sterility, mentioned by several authors, led us to study the disposition of the testicular veins, especially at the level of their ending, trying to provide an anatomical description, which may contribute with new etiopathogenic information, in order to interpret that pathologic entity. The arrangements of the muscular fiber bundles show a different disposition in the right and left side, mainly in their distinct orientation. The collagen and elastic tissue show an arrangement similar to the muscular fibers, in order to improve the blood flow, sometimes in the reno-testicular and sometimes in the cavo-testicular junction.

[Morphologic study of the inferior cavo-atrial transition in man. Morphofunctional considerations]. / Estudo morfológico da transição cavo-atrial inferior no homem. Considerações morfo-funcionais.

PURPOSE: Analysis the fibrous elements of the transition between the inferior vena cava and right atrium. METHODS: Twenty adult (20-40 ys) were used. Properly preserved samples were analysed macro and microscopically. Fragments were excised from the inferior cavo-atrial transition and analysed under stereomicroscopic. RESULTS: The inferior vena cava valve was disposed at the wall of the vein. Insertions of striated muscular cardiac fibers bundles are seen at the anterior wall of inferior vena cava. These muscular bundles are directed towards the intima of the vein. There were at the venous posterior wall insertions of the cardiac muscular bundles, originated from the crista terminalis and from the interatrial septum, these bundles show an orientation predominantly oblique, with tendency to become circular. At the transition level, the bundles of smooth muscular fibers of the inferior vena cava, presented an oblique disposition, becoming predominantly circular. CONCLUSION: As the disposition of muscular cardiac fibers presents a predominantly circular direction and, the bundles of smooth muscular fibers of the inferior vena cava present the same direction, we could postulate that, when the atrial systole occurs, these muscular bundles would obliterate the cavo-atrial transition, preventing, this way, the venous reflux.

Morphology, distribution and types of valves in the adult male's testicular veins.

Morphologically, the pampiniform plexuses investigated had, in their majority, no vascular spiraling on the left side, the same occurring on the right side; however, as for the total number of valves, except for those of the pampiniform plexuses, the left side was found contain a greater number of valves. As regards valve types, there is a predominance of double semilunar one on both sides rather than single semilunar valves.

[Morphofunctional study of the cava-hepatic venous transition in humans]. / Contribuição para o estudo morfofuncional da transição venosa cavo-hepática no homem.

Using mesoscopic techniques, the authors observed that fibrous muscular bundles were distributed in three layers, from the external to the intima, in the cava-hepatic venous transition zone; these bundles start with a helical course, and bend progressively towards their outlet. Regarding the collagen component, two kinds of fibre bundles were observed: 1) as longitudinal strips, two for each vein that join in an arched form close to the outlet; 2) bundles running in the same direction as muscular bundles. The elastic tissue appears as a component of the myoelastic tendons or as independent bundles. The latter follow the direction of the muscular fibres, but show a decreasing amount when they approach the transition zone. At this point, however, the myoelastic tendons grow thicker.

[The connectivity between the greater occipital nerve and adjacent structures: anatomo-clinical considerations]. / Estudo da conectividade entre o nervo occipital maior e estruturas adjacentes: considerações anátomo-clínicas.

In order to offer anatomical basis that aid for clinical interpretation of headache of cervical origin a macro-mesoscopic study of greater occipital nerve and its subcutaneous rise out site was accomplished. The authors observed that in its course this nerve delineates angles and direction shifts that can stand for critical points in etiology of occipital pain, so that in its subcutaneous rise out region both occipital artery and vein shape the vasculo-nervous bundle wrapped by sheath of fibrous connective tissue which has continuity and contiguity relation with the adjoining epimysium and perimysium. From our results, anatomo-clinical aspects are discussed.

The fine venous architecture of the major duodenal papilla in human beings.

After injecting Indian ink or sulphate of barium backwards into the venous trunks that drain the 2nd portion of the duodenum, the author describes 3 venous networks, continuous to the major papilla and which differ in their topography and morphology of their nets. From the functional point of view, he believes that the traction or compression of the collectors' walls might cause turgidity in the deep network, regulating the bile-pancreatic outlet as well as not allowing the duodenal reflow. The author states that during papillotomies the bleeding is insignificant, because the thick veins lie in the body and at the base of the papilla.