ABSTRACT
Twenty-two Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) muscles from 18 cadavers were dissected to find the "Optimal Injection Site" (OIS) for botulinum toxin injections to individual bellies of FDS. Coordinates are given as a percentage of the distance along a landmarking line from the medial epicondyle to the pisiform and in millimetres (mm) lateral to it. The OIS were: FDS2: 72%, 14 mm; FDS3: 54%, 17mm; FDS4: 49%, 7mm; FDS5: 76%, 6mm. OIS measurements guide the electromyographer to localize the targeted muscle belly.
Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins/administration & dosage , Injections, Intramuscular/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Dystonia/drug therapy , Forearm , HumansABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify and explore the learning and support needs of patients and families during the waiting period before cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional cohort survey design. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary cardiovascular care center in mideastern Canada. SUBJECTS: One hundred forty-seven patients currently on the cardiac surgery waiting list, and 125 family members of these patients. OUTCOME MEASURES: Needs Inventory for Patients who Wait. INTERVENTION: All patients were sent a survey for themselves and one for a family member that included: a demographic profile, subjective questionnaire, and the Needs Inventory for Patients who Wait. The survey was to be completed and returned to the investigators. RESULTS: The return rates were 77% (113) for patients, and 70% (87) for family members. For patients and their family members, item rankings were highly correlated for areas in which they wanted information (r = 0.84), and for areas that caused them the most concern (r = 0.91). Family members were also concerned about caring for the patient before and after surgery. The number of weeks on the waiting list (< 1 month to > 6 months) did not change the concerns of patients and family. CONCLUSIONS: This survey identifies some of the educational and support needs of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and their family members. Patients are concerned about their health and survival until the surgical procedure, as well as about the success of the procedure. Families share patients' concerns and have an additional concern regarding how to support the patient during the perioperative stage. The needs identified by patients and their families in this survey were found to be stable over time, and within the realm of nursing practice to address.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Family/psychology , Patient Education as Topic , Patients/psychology , Adult , Aged , Canada , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time Factors , Waiting ListsABSTRACT
Purified cell walls from Bacillus subtilis were repeatedly suspended in 5 mM CuCl2 and, after removing unbound Cu, were suspended in 1% (v/v) HNO3 to release bound Cu. The walls were then regenerated by washing in H2O. After five cycles, copper binding actually increased slightly, probably due to enhanced exposure of binding sites in the walls. Thus bacterial walls may be used repeatedly for metal removal during bioremediation of heavy metal pollution.
