ABSTRACT
Canonical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in G1 cells with biphasic kinetics. We show that DSBs repaired with slow kinetics, including those localizing to heterochromatic regions or harboring additional lesions at the DSB site, undergo resection prior to repair by c-NHEJ and not alt-NHEJ. Resection-dependent c-NHEJ represents an inducible process during which Plk3 phosphorylates CtIP, mediating its interaction with Brca1 and promoting the initiation of resection. Mre11 exonuclease, EXD2, and Exo1 execute resection, and Artemis endonuclease functions to complete the process. If resection does not commence, then repair can ensue by c-NHEJ, but when executed, Artemis is essential to complete resection-dependent c-NHEJ. Additionally, Mre11 endonuclease activity is dispensable for resection in G1. Thus, resection in G1 differs from the process in G2 that leads to homologous recombination. Resection-dependent c-NHEJ significantly contributes to the formation of deletions and translocations in G1, which represent important initiating events in carcinogenesis.
Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus/radiation effects , DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded , DNA End-Joining Repair/radiation effects , G1 Phase/radiation effects , BRCA1 Protein/genetics , BRCA1 Protein/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cell Nucleus/enzymology , Cell Nucleus/pathology , DNA Repair Enzymes/genetics , DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Endodeoxyribonucleases , Endonucleases , Exodeoxyribonucleases/genetics , Exodeoxyribonucleases/metabolism , G2 Phase , Gene Deletion , HeLa Cells , Humans , Kinetics , MRE11 Homologue Protein , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Time Factors , Transfection , Translocation, Genetic , Tumor Suppressor Proteins , Tumor Suppressor p53-Binding Protein 1/genetics , Tumor Suppressor p53-Binding Protein 1/metabolismABSTRACT
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The C terminal binding protein-interacting protein (CtIP) is phosphorylated in G2 by cyclin-dependent kinases to initiate resection and promote HR. CtIP also exerts functions during NHEJ, although the mechanism phosphorylating CtIP in G1 is unknown. In this paper, we identify Plk3 (Polo-like kinase 3) as a novel DSB response factor that phosphorylates CtIP in G1 in a damage-inducible manner and impacts on various cellular processes in G1. First, Plk3 and CtIP enhance the formation of ionizing radiation-induced translocations; second, they promote large-scale genomic deletions from restriction enzyme-induced DSBs; third, they are required for resection and repair of complex DSBs; and finally, they regulate alternative NHEJ processes in Ku(-/-) mutants. We show that mutating CtIP at S327 or T847 to nonphosphorylatable alanine phenocopies Plk3 or CtIP loss. Plk3 binds to CtIP phosphorylated at S327 via its Polo box domains, which is necessary for robust damage-induced CtIP phosphorylation at S327 and subsequent CtIP phosphorylation at T847.
