Producción científica durante el período de residencia en España: comparación entre especialidades médicas con programas de 5años / Research productivity during residency training in Spain: Comparison among medical specialties lasting 5 years

Objetivos: Comparar la cantidad y calidad de las publicaciones realizadas durante el período de residencia de Cardiología, Medicina Intensiva, Medicina Interna y Oncología Médica en España.Métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de los médicos residentes de 4especialidades con 5años de duración (promoción 2014-2019). Se revisaron el número y el tipo de publicaciones indexadas en PubMed, el nombre de las revistas y sus índices bibliométricos (factor de impacto y cuartil), y la posición de autoría.Resultados: Los 649 residentes incluidos generaron 801 publicaciones (cociente o índice publicación/residente 1,23). Los residentes de Cardiología publicaron significativamente más (índice 2,57) y los de Medicina Intensiva menos (índice 0,42) que el resto de las especialidades (Medicina Interna, índice 1,06; Oncología Médica, índice 0,76; p<0,001). Globalmente, solo el 44,5% de los residentes participó en alguna publicación y el 27,6% en un artículo original; este último porcentaje se incrementó significativamente entre los cardiólogos (47,7%; p<0,001). Los tipos de publicación predominantes fueron los artículos originales (47,9%) y las notas clínicas (36,8%). La proporción de publicaciones en revistas de primer cuartil fue superior para los residentes de Cardiología (44,6% del total). Solo en un tercio de las publicaciones el residente fue primer o último firmante. La producción científica se relacionó con la especialidad, pero no con el sexo ni el tamaño del hospital donde se desarrolló la residencia.Conclusiones: Los residentes de Medicina Intensiva, Medicina Interna y Oncología Médica publican poco, mientras que la producción científica en Cardiología se puede considerar aceptable (AU)

Objectives: To compare the quantity and quality of publications during the residency training period in Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology in Spain.Methods: A retrospective cohort study of residents from 4 specialties lasting 5 years (2014-2019). The number and type of publications indexed in PubMed, the names of the journals and their bibliometric indexes (impact factor and quartiles), and author's positions were evaluated.Results: The 649 residents included in the study generated 801 publications (publication/resident ratio 1.23). Cardiology residents published significantly more (ratio 2.57) and Intensive Care Medicine residents less (ratio 0.42) than the remaining specialties (Internal Medicine, ratio 1.06; Medical Oncology, ratio 0.76; p<.001). Overall, only 44.5% of residents participated in a publication, with 27.6% participating in an original article; this latter percentage increased significantly among cardiologists (47.7%; p<.001). The predominant types of publications were original articles (47.9%) and clinical reports (36.8%). The proportion of publications in first quartile journals was higher for Cardiology residents (44.6% of total). The resident was the first or last author in only one-third of the publications. Scientific productivity was related to specialty, but not to gender or the size of the hospital in which the residency training occurred.Conclusions: Intensive Care Medicine, Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology residents publish insufficiently, while the scientific production from Cardiology residents could be considered acceptable (AU)

Research productivity during residency training in Spain: Comparison among medical specialties lasting 5 years.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the quantity and quality of publications during the residency training period in Cardiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology in Spain. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of residents from 4 specialties lasting 5 years (2014-2019). The number and type of publications indexed in PubMed®, the names of the journals and their bibliometric indexes (impact factor and quartiles), and author's positions were evaluated. RESULTS: The 649 residents included in the study generated 801 publications (publication/resident ratio 1.23). Cardiology residents published significantly more (ratio 2.57) and Intensive Care Medicine residents less (ratio 0.42) than the remaining specialties (Internal Medicine, ratio 1.06; Medical Oncology, ratio 0.76; p < .001). Overall, only 44.5% of residents participated in a publication, with 27.6% participating in an original article; this latter percentage increased significantly among cardiologists (47.7%; p < .001). The predominant types of publications were original articles (47.9%) and clinical reports (36.8%). The proportion of publications in first quartile journals was higher for Cardiology residents (44.6% of total). The resident was the first or last author in only one-third of the publications. Scientific productivity was related to specialty, but not to gender or the size of the hospital in which the residency training occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive Care Medicine, Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology residents publish insufficiently, while the scientific production from Cardiology residents could be considered acceptable.

FluoroType® MTB in pleural fluid for diagnosing tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: This work aims to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of a nucleic acid amplification test (FluoroType MTB®) in pleural fluid (PF) and sputum to diagnose tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). We also analyzed the increase in diagnostic accuracy of a second FluoroType MTB® test on a second thoracentesis sample when the first was negative. METHODS: We conducted a prospective single-center study that included 207 patients with pleural effusion (31 tuberculous and 176 due to other causes). Of the 31 cases of TPE, 21 (68%) were confirmed histologically or microbiologically; the other cases were considered probable. RESULTS: The operational characteristics of FluoroType MTB® in PF for identifying tuberculosis were a sensitivity of 13%, a specificity of 99%, a positive likelihood ratio of 11, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.9. The diagnostic efficacy data for sputum samples were 21%, 91%, 2.4, and 0.9, respectively. PF and sputum cultures in solid and liquid media had greater sensitivity (36% and 31%, respectively). A second FluoroType MTB® test in PF was negative for 24 patients who had TPE and for whom the first FluoroType MTB® test was also negative. Only two (6.5%) patients with TPE had a confirmed diagnosis based exclusively on the positive results of the FluoroType MTB® in PF. CONCLUSION: Due to its low sensitivity, the FluoroType MTB® test in PF has a limited role in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy.

FluoroType® MTB en líquido pleural para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis / FluoroType® MTB in pleural fluid for diagnosing tuberculosis

Objetivos This work aims to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of a nucleic acid amplification test (FluoroType MTB®) in pleural fluid (PF) and sputum to diagnose tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). We also analyzed the increase in diagnostic accuracy of a second FluoroType MTB® test on a second thoracentesis sample when the first was negative. Métodos We conducted a prospective single-center study that included 207 patients with pleural effusion (31 tuberculous and 176 due to other causes). Of the 31 cases of TPE, 21 (68%) were confirmed histologically or microbiologically; the other cases were considered probable. Resultados The operational characteristics of FluoroType MTB® in PF for identifying tuberculosis were a sensitivity of 13%, a specificity of 99%, a positive likelihood ratio of 11, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.9. The diagnostic efficacy data for sputum samples were 21%, 91%, 2.4, and 0.9, respectively. PF and sputum cultures in solid and liquid media had greater sensitivity (36% and 31%, respectively). A second FluoroType MTB® test in PF was negative for 24 patients who had TPE and for whom the first FluoroType MTB® test was also negative. Only two (6.5%) patients with TPE had a confirmed diagnosis based exclusively on the positive results of the FluoroType MTB® in PF. Conclusión Due to its low sensitivity, the FluoroType MTB® test in PF has a limited role in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy (AU)

Publicación de los pósteres y comunicaciones orales presentados en el XXXVI Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna / Publication of abstracts and oral communications presented at the XXXVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine

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FluoroType® MTB in pleural fluid for diagnosing tuberculosis. / FluoroType® MTB en líquido pleural para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a nucleic acid amplification test (FluoroType MTB®) in pleural fluid (PF) and sputum to diagnose tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). We also analysed the increase in diagnostic yield of a second FluoroType MTB® test, obtained through a new thoracentesis, when the first had resulted negative. METHODS: We conducted a prospective single-centre study that included 207 patients with pleural effusion (31 tuberculous and 176 from other causes). Of the 31 cases of TPE, 21 (68%) were confirmed histologically or microbiologically; the other cases were considered probable. RESULTS: The operational characteristics of FluoroType MTB® in PF for identifying tuberculosis were a sensitivity of 13%, a specificity of 99%, a positive likelihood ratio of 11 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.9. The diagnostic efficacy data for sputum samples was 21%, 91%, 2.4 and 0.9, respectively. The PF and sputum cultures in solid and liquid media had greater sensitivity (36% and 31%, respectively). A second FluoroType MTB® test in PF was negative for 24 patients with TPE, and a first FluoroType MTB® test also negative. Only 2 (6.5%) patients with TPE had a confirmed diagnosis based exclusively on the positive results of the FluoroType MTB® in PF. CONCLUSION: Due to its low sensitivity, the FluoroType MTB® test in PF has a limited role in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy.

Examination of cytological smears and cell blocks of pleural fluid: Complementary diagnostic value for malignant effusions / Examen del frotis citológico y bloque celular del líquido pleural: valor diagnóstico complementario en los derrames malignos

Objectives. To evaluate the independent usefulness of pleural fluid smear and cell block (CB) preparations for the diagnosis of malignant effusions. Patients and methods. A total of 632 cytological smears and 554 CBs from 414 consecutive patients with malignant effusions were retrospectively evaluated. Results. The diagnostic yield of a first specimen was 44% regardless of whether a smear or CB cytologic examination was performed. The use of subsequent separated specimens increased the identification of malignancy to 56%. Overall, 11% of samples found to be negative by cytologic smears showed malignant cells on CBs, whereas 15% of negative CBs were reported as positive on smear slides. Pleural fluid specimens with low red and/or white blood cell counts more frequently resulted in the generation of suboptimal CB preparations. Conclusions. If CBs and smears are prepared and examined, the percentage of positive diagnoses will be greater than if only one method is used (AU)

Objetivos. Evaluar la utilidad independiente de frotis y bloques celulares (BC) del líquido pleural para diagnosticar derrames malignos. Pacientes y métodos. Se evaluaron retrospectivamente un total de 632 frotis citológicos y 554 BC de 414 pacientes consecutivos con derrame pleural maligno. Resultados. La sensibilidad diagnóstica de una primera muestra fue del 44%, tanto en frotis como en BC. El análisis de muestras separadas ulteriores aumentó al 56% la identificación de derrames malignos. Globalmente, el 11% de muestras negativas mediante frotis mostraron células malignas en los BC, mientras que el 15% de BC negativos resultaron positivos en el estudio del frotis. Los líquidos pleurales con recuentos bajos de hematíes o leucocitos produjeron con mayor frecuencia BC insuficientes para diagnóstico. Conclusiones. Si se evalúan frotis y BC, el porcentaje de resultados positivos es superior que si se emplean estas técnicas de forma aislada (AU)

Una causa infrecuente de hipo persistente / An infrequent cause of persistent hiccup

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Examination of cytological smears and cell blocks of pleural fluid: Complementary diagnostic value for malignant effusions.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the independent usefulness of pleural fluid smear and cell block (CB) preparations for the diagnosis of malignant effusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 632 cytological smears and 554 CBs from 414 consecutive patients with malignant effusions were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: The diagnostic yield of a first specimen was 44% regardless of whether a smear or CB cytologic examination was performed. The use of subsequent separated specimens increased the identification of malignancy to 56%. Overall, 11% of samples found to be negative by cytologic smears showed malignant cells on CBs, whereas 15% of negative CBs were reported as positive on smear slides. Pleural fluid specimens with low red and/or white blood cell counts more frequently resulted in the generation of suboptimal CB preparations. CONCLUSIONS: If CBs and smears are prepared and examined, the percentage of positive diagnoses will be greater than if only one method is used.

Una encuesta a médicos residentes sobre la realización de toracocentesis diagnósticas y terapéuticas: ¿una laguna en la formación? / A survey to medical residents on the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic thoracenteses: a training gap?

Objetivo. La aspiración de líquido pleural es un procedimiento rutinario para neumólogos e internistas. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar aspectos técnicos y metodológicos de la realización de toracocentesis diagnósticas y terapéuticas por parte de médicos residentes de Neumología y Medicina Interna en sus últimos dos años de formación. Métodos. Se envió una encuesta electrónica de 24 ítems a los participantes y se compararon las respuestas en función de la especialidad. Resultados. Respondieron 139 (17,1%) residentes (71 internistas y 68 neumólogos). Un 29,5% y 43% realizaban solo una o ninguna toracocentesis diagnóstica y terapéutica mensuales, respectivamente. Solamente el 44% utilizaban la ecografía de forma rutinaria para guiar los procedimientos. El uso de anestesia local en las aspiraciones diagnósticas fue sistemático en menos de la mitad de los encuestados. En contra de las recomendaciones establecidas, un 25% de los residentes utilizaban una aguja intramuscular para las toracocentesis terapéuticas. Más del 80% de los residentes solicitaba rutinariamente un cultivo y citología del líquido pleural, al margen de la sospecha diagnóstica. El 40% realizaba siempre una prueba de imagen después de una toracocentesis diagnóstica. La mitad o más de los encuestados desconocían cómo se medía el pH pleural en su centro, el medio de cultivo empleado para micobacterias o si se realizaban bloques celulares del líquido pleural. Los neumólogos eran más experimentados y empleaban con más frecuencia la ecografía pleural que los internistas. Conclusión. Esta encuesta pone de manifiesto algunas deficiencias de conocimientos y ejecución de las toracocentesis diagnósticas y terapéuticas (AU)

Objective. Pleural fluid aspiration is a routine procedure for pulmonologists and internists. Our aim was to evaluate technical and methodological aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic thoracenteses performed by last two-year residents of Pulmonology and Internal Medicine. Methods. An online 24-item questionnaire was sent to participants, and responses were evaluated according to the medical specialty. Results. The survey was completed by 139 (17.1%) residents (71 internists and 68 pulmonologists). 29.5% and 41% performed one or no diagnostic or therapeutic thoracenteses monthly, respectively. Only 44% used ultrasonography to guide pleural procedures. Less than half of respondents used local anesthesia for diagnostic aspirations. Contrary to current recommendations, 25% of residents employed intramuscular needles for therapeutic aspirations. More than 80% of residents routinely ordered pleural fluid cultures and cytological studies, regardless of the clinical suspicion. About 40% requested imaging studies after a diagnostic thoracentesis. Half or more of the respondents were unaware of pH measurement methodologies, culture type for mycobacteria, and performance of cell blocks. Pulmonologists were more experienced than internists, and also made use of ultrasonography more frequently. Conclusion. This survey highlights gaps of knowledge and skills in conducting diagnostic and therapeutic thoracenteses (AU)

A survey to medical residents on the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic thoracenteses: a training gap? / Una encuesta a médicos residentes sobre la realización de toracocentesis diagnósticas y terapéuticas: ¿una laguna en la formación?

OBJECTIVE: Pleural fluid aspiration is a routine procedure for pulmonologists and internists. Our aim was to evaluate technical and methodological aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic thoracenteses performed by last two-year residents of Pulmonology and Internal Medicine. METHODS: An online 24-item questionnaire was sent to participants, and responses were evaluated according to the medical specialty. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 139 (17.1%) residents (71 internists and 68 pulmonologists). 29.5% and 41% performed one or no diagnostic or therapeutic thoracenteses monthly, respectively. Only 44% used ultrasonography to guide pleural procedures. Less than half of respondents used local anesthesia for diagnostic aspirations. Contrary to current recommendations, 25% of residents employed intramuscular needles for therapeutic aspirations. More than 80% of residents routinely ordered pleural fluid cultures and cytological studies, regardless of the clinical suspicion. About 40% requested imaging studies after a diagnostic thoracentesis. Half or more of the respondents were unaware of pH measurement methodologies, culture type for mycobacteria, and performance of cell blocks. Pulmonologists were more experienced than internists, and also made use of ultrasonography more frequently. CONCLUSION: This survey highlights gaps of knowledge and skills in conducting diagnostic and therapeutic thoracenteses.

Factors influencing pleural drainage in parapneumonic effusions / Factores que influyen en el drenaje del derrame pleural paraneumónico

Objective. The identification of parapneumonic effusions (PPE) requiring pleural drainage is challenging. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of radiological and pleural fluid findings in discriminating between PPE that need drainage (complicated PPE (CPPE)) and those that could be resolved with antibiotics only (uncomplicated PPE (UPPE)). Subjects and methods. A retrospective review of 641 consecutive PPE, of which 393 were categorized as CPPE and 248 as UPPE. Demographics, radiological (size and laterality on a chest radiograph) and pleural fluid parameters (pus, bacterial cultures, biochemistries) were compared among groups. Logistic regression was performed to determine variables useful for predicting chest drainage, and receiver-operating characteristic curves assisted in the selection of the best cutoff values. Results. According to the likelihood ratios (LR), findings increasing the probability of chest tube usage the most were: effusions occupying ≥1/2 of the hemithorax (LR 13.5), pleural fluid pH ≤7.15 (LR 6.2), pleural fluid glucose ≤40mg/dL (LR 5.6), pus (LR 4.8), positive pleural fluid cultures (LR 3.6), and pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase >2000U/L (LR 3.4). In the logistic regression analysis only the first two were selected as significant predictors of CPPE. In non-purulent effusions, the effusion's size and pleural fluid pH retained their discriminatory properties, in addition to a pleural fluid C-reactive protein (CRP) level >100mg/L. Conclusion. Large radiological effusions and a pleural fluid pH ≤7.15 were the best predictors for chest drainage in patients with PPE. In the subgroup of patients with non-purulent effusions, pleural fluid CRP also contributed to CPPE identification (AU)

Objetivo. La identificación de los derrames paraneumónicos (DP) que precisan drenaje pleural es problemática. Se ha intentado establecer la precisión diagnóstica de los hallazgos radiológicos y del líquido pleural para distinguir entre los DP que precisan drenaje (DP complicado) y aquellos que podrían remitir solo con tratamiento antibiótico (DP no complicado). Sujetos y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de 641 DP consecutivos, de los cuales 393 fueron clasificados como complicados y 248 como no complicados. Se compararon los datos demográficos, radiológicos (tamaño y lateralidad en radiografía de tórax) y los parámetros del líquido pleural (pus, cultivos bacterianos, bioquímicas) entre ambos grupos. Para establecer qué variables son más útiles al predecir el drenaje torácico se llevó a cabo una regresión logística, y las curvas de rendimiento diagnóstico ayudaron a seleccionar los valores de corte. Resultados. Según el cociente de probabilidad (CP), los hallazgos que aumentan la probabilidad de drenaje torácico son: derrames que se expanden por ≥ 1/2 del hemitórax (CP 13,5), pH del líquido pleural ≤ 7,15 (CP 6,2), glucosa del líquido pleural ≤ 40mg/dL (CP 5,6), pus (CP 4,8), cultivos bacterianos positivos del líquido pleural (CP 3,6) y LDH en líquido pleural > 2.000U/L (CP 3,4). En el análisis de regresión logística solo los 2 primeros se clasificaron como factores predisponentes de DP complicado. En los derrames no purulentos el tamaño del derrame y el pH del líquido pleural mantuvieron sus propiedades discriminatorias, además de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) en líquido pleural >100mg/L. Conclusión. Los derrames grandes y un pH del líquido pleural ≤ 7,15 fueron los mejores factores predisponentes para el drenaje torácico en pacientes con derrame paraneumónico. En el subgrupo de pacientes con derrames no purulentos, la PCR del líquido pleural también contribuyó a la identificación del DP complicado (AU)

Factors influencing pleural drainage in parapneumonic effusions.

OBJECTIVE: The identification of parapneumonic effusions (PPE) requiring pleural drainage is challenging. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of radiological and pleural fluid findings in discriminating between PPE that need drainage (complicated PPE (CPPE)) and those that could be resolved with antibiotics only (uncomplicated PPE (UPPE)). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 641 consecutive PPE, of which 393 were categorized as CPPE and 248 as UPPE. Demographics, radiological (size and laterality on a chest radiograph) and pleural fluid parameters (pus, bacterial cultures, biochemistries) were compared among groups. Logistic regression was performed to determine variables useful for predicting chest drainage, and receiver-operating characteristic curves assisted in the selection of the best cutoff values. RESULTS: According to the likelihood ratios (LR), findings increasing the probability of chest tube usage the most were: effusions occupying ≥1/2 of the hemithorax (LR 13.5), pleural fluid pH ≤7.15 (LR 6.2), pleural fluid glucose ≤40mg/dL (LR 5.6), pus (LR 4.8), positive pleural fluid cultures (LR 3.6), and pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase >2000U/L (LR 3.4). In the logistic regression analysis only the first two were selected as significant predictors of CPPE. In non-purulent effusions, the effusion's size and pleural fluid pH retained their discriminatory properties, in addition to a pleural fluid C-reactive protein (CRP) level >100mg/L. CONCLUSION: Large radiological effusions and a pleural fluid pH ≤7.15 were the best predictors for chest drainage in patients with PPE. In the subgroup of patients with non-purulent effusions, pleural fluid CRP also contributed to CPPE identification.

Adult patients with parapneumonic empyema who may not require pleural drainage / Pacientes adultos con empiema paraneumónico que pueden no requerir drenaje pleural

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Tromboflebitis séptica yugular por Streptococcus viridans / Septic thrombophlebitis caused by viridans group Streptococci

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