The impact of chelating compounds on Cu2+, Fe2+/3+, and Zn2+ ions in Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid - ß extracellular plaques and tau interfibrillar tangles, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. With dementia posing a growing global health concern, there is an urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address its challenges. The economic burden of dementia is projected to rise significantly, emphasizing the necessity for collaborative efforts in research and healthcare. In the United States alone, millions are affected by AD, with prevalence increasing with age and even affecting younger individuals. The complexity of AD involves intricate biological processes, including the aggregation of amyloid beta, oxidative stress, and metal ion dysregulation. Metal ions, particularly those from copper, iron, and zinc, play pivotal roles in AD pathology, influencing Aß deposition and tau protein accumulation. Current treatments offer symptomatic relief but do not address the underlying disease mechanisms. This paper explores the potential of various chelating compounds to target metal ions involved in AD pathology. N-acylhydrazones, morpholine, chrysin, quinoline, oxindole, cyclam, catechol-based, and quinazolinone-based derivatives show promising chelation activity and therapeutic effects. Metal chelation therapy offers a targeted approach to AD treatment by addressing the core pathology. By selectively binding to metal ions implicated in disease progression, chelators may minimize side effects associated with broad-spectrum treatments. Additionally, chelators may offer neuroprotective effects beyond metal binding, further enhancing their therapeutic potential. Overall, metal chelation therapy presents a promising strategy in combating AD, with the potential to significantly impact disease progression and improve patient outcomes.

Copper(ii) complexes with 2-ethylpyridine and related hydroxyl pyridine derivatives: structural, spectroscopic, magnetic and anticancer in vitro studies.

Copper(ii) complexes with 2-ethylpyridine (1 and 2), 2-(hydroxyethyl)pyridine (3) and 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine (4) have been synthesized and characterized. All inorganic compounds have been studied by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, vibrational and EPR spectroscopy as well as theoretical methods. The geometry of the complexes 1, 3 and 4 adopts nearly perfect geometry close to square planar (1, 4) or square pyramid (3) stereochemistry, respectively. The distortion of five coordinated copper(ii) ions in complex 2 indicates intermediate geometry between square pyramidal and trigonal pyramidal geometry. Further, the magnetic measurements have shown antiferromagnetic behaviour of the prepared complexes in a wide range of temperatures. The antiferromagnetic behaviour of 2 should originate from the superexchange interactions between each copper(ii) ion by the mixed chloride and µ4-O ion pathways. Besides, the weak antiferromagnetic character of 2 can be also attributed to the presence of intrachain exchange between dimeric units through double oxide ion. In complex 3, strong antiferromagnetic coupling between Cu(ii) centres in the Cu2O2Cl2 moiety is found. The cytotoxicity of all compounds was tested in vitro against various cancer cell lines: human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), human prostate carcinoma; derived from metastatic site: brain (DU-145) and two normal cell lines: human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) and human keratinocyte (HaCat). Furthermore, Pluronic P-123 micelles loaded with selected complexes (1 and 3) were proposed to overcome low solubility and to minimize systemic side effects. More detailed study revealed that complex 3 loaded inside micelles causes DU-145 cells' death with simultaneous decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and a high level of reactive oxygen species generation. The stability of the compounds 1-4 in DMSO was confirmed by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectra studies.

Hybrid Cu-Containing Compounds Based on Lacunary Strandberg Anions: Synthesis under Mild Conditions, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties.

A one-pot reaction of a copper source (metallic powder Cu0 or Cu2+ salts) and bpy (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) in the presence of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O yields heterometallic hybrid compounds of the general type {[Cu(bpy)n(H2O)m]p[P2MoxOy]}. The structures exhibit a number of phosphomolybdate POMs including not only a common Strandberg anion [P2Mo5O23]6- but also its unprecedented bi- and trilacunary derivatives [P2Mo3O18]8- and [P2Mo2O15]8-. The structural determinants including the metal source (copper powder vs copper salts), counterion of the salts, and stoichiometry of the reagents were examined. An ex situ EPR study revealed the formation of different CuII complexes in the reaction mixture depending on the copper precursor. The obtained compounds have been found to possess selectivity toward the sorption of methylene blue in a mixture of organic dyes. DC magnetic measurements of 1-3 indicate rather strong antiferromagnetic metal-metal exchange interactions. Compound 1 exhibits field-induced slow magnetic relaxation in AC magnetic measurements, which is a rarely observed phenomenon among Cu(II) complexes.

Synthesis, structural characterization, docking simulation and in vitro antiproliferative activity of the new gold(III) complex with 2-pyridineethanol.

Gold(III) complex containing 2-pyridineethanol has been synthesized and characterized structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electrochemical study, and DFT calculations. The Au(III) ion is four coordinated with one N-donor ligand (L) and three Cl anions. The Okuniewski's (τ'4=0.018) has been used to estimate the angular distortion from ideal square planar geometry. The vibrational spectroscopy studies, in the solid state and DMSO solution and cyclic voltammetry, have been performed to determine its stability and redox activity, respectively. A complete assignment of the IR and Raman spectra has been made based on the calculated potential energy distribution (PED). The theoretical calculations have been made for two functionals and several basis sets. The compound has been evaluated for its antiproliferative properties in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), mouse colon carcinoma (CT26), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human prostate carcinoma derived from the metastatic site in the brain (DU-145), and PANC-1 human pancreas/duct carcinoma cell line and non-tumorigenic cell lines: HaCat (human keratinocyte), and HEK293T (human embryonic kidney). Au(III) complex cytotoxicity is significantly against A549 and MCF-7 cells as in the reference drug: cisplatin. Studies of the interactions of Au(III) complex with DNA, HSA (human serum albumin) have been performed. The results from modeling docking simulations indicate that the title complex exerts anticancer effects in vitro based on different mechanisms of action to compare with cisplatin.

Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Cobalt(II) Field-Induced Single-Ion Magnets with Positive Large Anisotropy.

Three pentacoordinate complexes of the type [Co( pypz)X2], where pypz is a tridentate ligand 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine and X = Cl- (1), NCS- (2), and NCO- (3), have been synthesized, and their structures have been determined by X-ray analysis. The DC magnetic data show a sizable magnetic anisotropy, which was confirmed by high-field high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HF EPR) measurements. Well-resolved HF EPR spectra of high spin cobalt (II) were observed over the microwave frequency range 100-650 GHz. The experimental spectra of both complexes were simulated with axial g tensor components, a very large positive D value, and different E/ D ratios. To determine the exact D value for 2 (38.4 cm-1) and 3 (40.92 cm-1), the far-infrared magnetic spectroscopy method was used. Knowledge of the zero field splitting parameters and their signs is crucial in interpreting the single-molecule magnet or single chain magnet behavior. The AC susceptibility data confirm that these complexes exhibit a slow magnetic relaxation under small applied DC field with two (1 and 3) or three (2) relaxation modes.

Theoretical investigation of the halogen bonded complexes between carbonyl bases and molecular chlorine.

The halogen bonded complexes between six carbonyl bases and molecular chlorine are investigated theoretically. The interaction energies calculated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level range between -1.61 and -3.50 kcal mol(-1). These energies are related to the ionization potential, proton affinity, and also to the most negative values (V(s,min)) on the electrostatic potential surface of the carbonyl bases. A symmetry adapted perturbation theory decomposition of the energies has been performed. The interaction results in an elongation of the Cl-Cl bond and a contraction of the CF and CH bonds accompanied by a blue shift of the ν(CH) vibrations. The properties of the Cl2 molecules are discussed as a function of the σ*(Cl-Cl) occupation, the hybridization, and the occupation of the Rydberg orbitals of the two chlorine atoms. Our calculations predict a large enhancement of the infrared and Raman intensities of the ν(Cl-Cl) vibration on going from isolated to complexed Cl2.

Theoretical and experimental studies of enflurane. Infrared spectra in solution, in low-temperature argon matrix and blue shifts resulting from dimerization.

Theoretical studies are performed on enflurane (CHFCl-CF(2)-O-CHF(2)) to investigate the conformational properties and vibrational spectra. Calculations are carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level along with a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Experimental infrared spectra are investigated in carbon tetrachloride solution at room temperature and in argon matrix at 12 K. In agreement with previously reported data (Pfeiffer, A.; Mack, H.-G.; Oberhammer, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6384), it is shown that the four most stable conformers possess a trans configuration of the C-C-O-C skeleton and a gauche orientation of the CHF(2) group (with respect to the central C-O bond). These conformations are favored by electrostatic interaction between the H atom of the CHF(2) group and the F atoms of the central CF(2) group. Hyperconjugation effects from the O lone pairs to the antibonding orbitals of the neighboring C-H and C-F bonds also contribute to the stability of the four conformers. The vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and potential energy distributions are calculated at the same level of theory for the most stable conformers. On the basis of the theoretical results, these conformers are identified in an argon matrix. The influence of the concentration on the nu(CH) vibrations suggests the formations of higher aggregates in solution. Theoretical calculations are carried out on the enflurane dimer. The results show that the dimer is formed between two enflurane conformers having the largest stability. The dimer has an asymmetric cyclic structure, the two enflurane molecules being held together by two nonequivalent C-H...F hydrogen bonds, the C-H bond of the CHFCl group acting as a proton donor, and one of the F atoms of the CHF(2) groups acting as a proton acceptor. The theory predicts a contraction of 0.0014-0.0025 A of the two CH bonds involved in the interaction along with a blue shift of 30-38 cm(-1) of the corresponding nu(C-H) bands, in good agreement with the blue shifts of 35-39 cm(-1) observed in an argon matrix.