ABSTRACT
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) has been purified from 100 L cell culture infected by baculovirus using the newer and highly effective titerless infected-cells preservation and scale-up (TIPS) method. Successive passage of the enzyme through DEAE, Ni(2+)-NTA, and POROS Q columns obtained approximately 100mg of protein. The sGC obtained by this procedure was already about 90% pure and suitable for various studies which include high throughput screening (HTS) and hit follow-up. However, in order to obtain enzyme of greater homogeneity and purity for crystallographic and high precision spectroscopic and kinetic studies of sGC with select stimulators, the sGC solution after the POROS Q step was further purified by GTP-agarose affinity chromatography. This additional step led to the generation of 26 mg of enzyme that was about 99% pure. This highly pure and active enzyme exhibited a M(r)=144,933 by static light scattering supportive of a dimeric structure. It migrated as a two-band protein, each of equal intensity, on SDS-PAGE corresponding to the alpha (M(r) approximately 77,000) and beta (M(r) approximately 70,000) sGC subunits. It showed an A(430)/A(280)=1.01, indicating one heme per heterodimer, and a maximum of the Soret band at 430 nm indicative of a penta-coordinated ferrous heme with a histidine as the axial ligand. The Soret band shifted to 398 nm in the presence of an NO donor as expected for the formation of a penta-coordinated nitrosyl-heme complex. Non-stimulated sGC had k(cat)/K(m)=1.7 x 10(-3)s(-1)microM(-1) that increased to 5.8 x 10(-1)s(-1)microM(-1) upon stimulation with an NO donor which represents a 340-fold increase due to stimulation. The novel combination of using the TIPS method for co-expression of a heterodimeric heme-containing enzyme, along with the application of a reproducible ligand affinity purification method, has enabled us to obtain recombinant human sGC of both the quality and quantity needed to study structure-function relationships.
Subject(s)
Baculoviridae/genetics , Guanylate Cyclase/isolation & purification , Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism , Insecta/cytology , Insecta/virology , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/isolation & purification , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Baculoviridae/physiology , Cell Culture Techniques , Chromatography, Affinity , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzyme Activation , Guanylate Cyclase/chemistry , Humans , Kinetics , Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/chemistry , Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/metabolism , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Sepharose/chemistry , Soluble Guanylyl CyclaseABSTRACT
Compounds capable of stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity might become important new tools to treat hypertension. While rational design of these drugs would be aided by elucidation of the sGC three-dimensional structure and molecular mechanism of activation, such efforts also require quantities of high quality enzyme that are challenging to produce. We implemented the titerless infected-cells preservation and scale-up (TIPS) methodology to express the heterodimeric sGC. In the TIPS method, small-scale insect cell cultures were first incubated with a recombinant baculovirus which replicated in the cells. The baculovirus-infected insect cells (BIIC) were harvested and frozen prior to cell lysis and the subsequent escape of the newly replicated virus into the culture supernatant. Thawed BIIC stocks were ultimately used for subsequent scale up. As little as 1 mL of BIIC was needed to infect a 100-L insect cell culture, in contrast to the usual 1L of high-titer, virus stock supernatants. The TIPS method eliminates the need and protracted time for titering virus supernatants, and provides stable, concentrated storage of recombinant baculovirus in the form of infected cells. The latter is particularly advantageous for virus stocks which are unstable, such as those for sGC, and provides a highly efficient alternative for baculovirus storage and expression. The TIPS process enabled efficient scale up to 100-L batches, each producing about 200mg of active sGC. Careful adjustment of expression culture conditions over the course of several 100-L runs provided uniform starting titers, specific activity, and composition of contaminating proteins that facilitated development of a process that reproducibly yielded highly active, purified sGC.
Subject(s)
Baculoviridae/genetics , Guanylate Cyclase/biosynthesis , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis , Spodoptera/cytology , Spodoptera/metabolism , Animals , Baculoviridae/physiology , Blotting, Western , Cells, Cultured , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzyme Activation , Guanylate Cyclase/chemistry , Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism , Humans , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase , Spodoptera/virology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The design and synthesis of a novel series of potent BACE1 hydroxyethylamine inhibitors. These inhibitors feature hydrogen bonding substituents at the C-5 position of the isophthalamide ring with improved selectivity over cathepsin D.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Ethylamines/pharmacology , Ifosfamide/pharmacology , Animals , Cathepsin D/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Ethylamines/chemical synthesis , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Ifosfamide/analogs & derivatives , Ifosfamide/chemical synthesis , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Models, Chemical , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We describe an optimized series of acyclic hydroxyethylamine transition state isosteres of beta-secretase that incorporates a variety of P(2) side chains that yield potent inhibitors with excellent cellular activity. A 2.2A crystal structure of compound 13 is shown.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Carbamates/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Carbamates/chemical synthesis , Carbamates/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Drug Design , Humans , Molecular Structure , Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We describe a novel series of potent inhibitors of human beta-secretase. These compounds possess the hydroxyethyl amine transition state isostere. A 2.5A crystal structure of inhibitor 32 bound to BACE is provided.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfones/chemistry , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Drug Design , Humans , Molecular Structure , Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Conformation , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Sulfones/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
The involvement of beta-secretase (BACE1; beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) in producing the beta-amyloid component of plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, has fueled a major research effort to characterize this protease. Here, we describe work toward understanding the substrate specificity of BACE1 that began by considering the natural APP substrate and its Swedish mutant, APPSw, and proceeded on to include oxidized insulin B chain and ubiquitin substrates. From these findings, and the study of additional synthetic peptides, we determined that a decapeptide derived from APP in which the P3-P2' sequence, ...VKM--DA..., was replaced by ...ISY--EV... (-- = beta site of cleavage), yielded a substrate that was cleaved by BACE1 seven times faster than the corresponding APPSw peptide, SEVNL--DAEFR. The expanded peptide, GLTNIKTEEISEISY--EVEFRWKK, was cleaved an additional seven times faster than its decapeptide counterpart (boldface), and provides a substrate allowing assay of BACE1 at picomolar concentrations. Several APP mutants reflecting these beta-site amino acid changes were prepared as the basis for cellular assays. The APPISYEV mutant proved to be a cellular substrate that was superior to APPSw. The assay based on APPISYEV is highly specific for measuring BACE1 activity in cells; its homolog, BACE2, barely cleaved APPISYEV at the beta-site. Insertion of the optimized ISY--EV motif at either the beta-site (Asp1) or beta'-site (Glu11) directs the rate of cellular processing of APP at these two accessible sites. Thus, we have identified optimal BACE1 substrates that will be useful to elucidate the cellular enzymatic actions of BACE1, and for design of inhibitors that might be of therapeutic benefit in Alzheimer's disease.
