ABSTRACT
The transcriptional regulatory protein nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) participates in the control of gene expression of many modulators of the inflammatory and immune responses. Various activators trigger NFkappaB release and nuclear translocation after phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of IkappaB. This study evaluated the abilities of fluorescence and confocal microscopies, laser scanning cytometry (LSC), electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA), and Western blotting to detect NFkappaB activation in endothelial cells (ECs) and to investigate the role of homocysteine (Hcy) in NFkappaB activation. ECs were treated with interleukin-1B (10 ng/mL) or Hcy thiolactone (1 and 5 mmol/L) as NFkappaB activators. Hcy, a thiol-containing amino acid, has been shown to directly damage ECs in vitro. Experimental evidence suggests that the atherogenic propensity associated with hyperhomocysteinemia results from EC dysfunction. When ECs were pretreated with an inhibitor (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, 100 micromol/L) or with staurosporine (5 microL/mL), no NFkappaB activation was observed. NFkappaB activation in ECs could be detected with all five techniques, clearly showing NFkappaB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nuclei. Confocal microscopy was more sensitive and less subjective than immunofluorescence microscopy. LSC was even more sensitive, specific, and reproducible. EMSA, the reference method, has the disadvantages of being radioactive, expensive, and time consuming. Western blot analysis detected the NFkappaB p50 subunit implicated in NFkappaB activation. The techniques usually used to detect NFkappaB activation in ECs are immunofluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy, LSC, EMSA, and Western blot analysis, but none of them is ready for routine use.
